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commit bdf96838aea6a265f2ae6cbcfb12a778c84a0b8e upstream.
The commit cf108bca465d: "ext4: Invert the locking order of page_lock
and transaction start" caused __ext4_journalled_writepage() to drop
the page lock before the page was written back, as part of changing
the locking order to jbd2_journal_start -> page_lock. However, this
introduced a potential race if there was a truncate racing with the
data=journalled writeback mode.
Fix this by grabbing the page lock after starting the journal handle,
and then checking to see if page had gotten truncated out from under
us.
This fixes a number of different warnings or BUG_ON's when running
xfstests generic/086 in data=journalled mode, including:
jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata: vdc-8: bad jh for block 115643: transaction (ee3fe7
c0, 164), jh->b_transaction ( (null), 0), jh->b_next_transaction ( (null), 0), jlist 0
- and -
kernel BUG at /usr/projects/linux/ext4/fs/jbd2/transaction.c:2200!
...
Call Trace:
[<c02b2ded>] ? __ext4_journalled_invalidatepage+0x117/0x117
[<c02b2de5>] __ext4_journalled_invalidatepage+0x10f/0x117
[<c02b2ded>] ? __ext4_journalled_invalidatepage+0x117/0x117
[<c027d883>] ? lock_buffer+0x36/0x36
[<c02b2dfa>] ext4_journalled_invalidatepage+0xd/0x22
[<c0229139>] do_invalidatepage+0x22/0x26
[<c0229198>] truncate_inode_page+0x5b/0x85
[<c022934b>] truncate_inode_pages_range+0x156/0x38c
[<c0229592>] truncate_inode_pages+0x11/0x15
[<c022962d>] truncate_pagecache+0x55/0x71
[<c02b913b>] ext4_setattr+0x4a9/0x560
[<c01ca542>] ? current_kernel_time+0x10/0x44
[<c026c4d8>] notify_change+0x1c7/0x2be
[<c0256a00>] do_truncate+0x65/0x85
[<c0226f31>] ? file_ra_state_init+0x12/0x29
- and -
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 1331 at /usr/projects/linux/ext4/fs/jbd2/transaction.c:1396
irty_metadata+0x14a/0x1ae()
...
Call Trace:
[<c01b879f>] ? console_unlock+0x3a1/0x3ce
[<c082cbb4>] dump_stack+0x48/0x60
[<c0178b65>] warn_slowpath_common+0x89/0xa0
[<c02ef2cf>] ? jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata+0x14a/0x1ae
[<c0178bef>] warn_slowpath_null+0x14/0x18
[<c02ef2cf>] jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata+0x14a/0x1ae
[<c02d8615>] __ext4_handle_dirty_metadata+0xd4/0x19d
[<c02b2f44>] write_end_fn+0x40/0x53
[<c02b4a16>] ext4_walk_page_buffers+0x4e/0x6a
[<c02b59e7>] ext4_writepage+0x354/0x3b8
[<c02b2f04>] ? mpage_release_unused_pages+0xd4/0xd4
[<c02b1b21>] ? wait_on_buffer+0x2c/0x2c
[<c02b5a4b>] ? ext4_writepage+0x3b8/0x3b8
[<c02b5a5b>] __writepage+0x10/0x2e
[<c0225956>] write_cache_pages+0x22d/0x32c
[<c02b5a4b>] ? ext4_writepage+0x3b8/0x3b8
[<c02b6ee8>] ext4_writepages+0x102/0x607
[<c019adfe>] ? sched_clock_local+0x10/0x10e
[<c01a8a7c>] ? __lock_is_held+0x2e/0x44
[<c01a8ad5>] ? lock_is_held+0x43/0x51
[<c0226dff>] do_writepages+0x1c/0x29
[<c0276bed>] __writeback_single_inode+0xc3/0x545
[<c0277c07>] writeback_sb_inodes+0x21f/0x36d
...
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
[bwh: Backported to 3.2: adjust context]
Signed-off-by: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
(cherry picked from commit b77ea3c2439c54f864487fb7a69007027c833bfb)
[wt: adjusted context since we're missing 441c850]
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
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commit b71fc079b5d8f42b2a52743c8d2f1d35d655b1c5 upstream.
Code tracking when transaction needs to be committed on fdatasync(2) forgets
to handle a situation when only inode's i_size is changed. Thus in such
situations fdatasync(2) doesn't force transaction with new i_size to disk
and that can result in wrong i_size after a crash.
Fix the issue by updating inode's i_datasync_tid whenever its size is
updated.
Reported-by: Kristian Nielsen <knielsen@knielsen-hq.org>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
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commit 97795d2a5b8d3c8dc4365d4bd3404191840453ba upstream.
If we hit a condition where we have allocated metadata blocks that
were not appropriately reserved, we risk underflow of
ei->i_reserved_meta_blocks. In turn, this can throw
sbi->s_dirtyclusters_counter significantly out of whack and undermine
the nondelalloc fallback logic in ext4_nonda_switch(). Warn if this
occurs and set i_allocated_meta_blocks to avoid this problem.
This condition is reproduced by xfstests 270 against ext2 with
delalloc enabled:
Mar 28 08:58:02 localhost kernel: [ 171.526344] EXT4-fs (loop1): delayed block allocation failed for inode 14 at logical offset 64486 with max blocks 64 with error -28
Mar 28 08:58:02 localhost kernel: [ 171.526346] EXT4-fs (loop1): This should not happen!! Data will be lost
270 ultimately fails with an inconsistent filesystem and requires an
fsck to repair. The cause of the error is an underflow in
ext4_da_update_reserve_space() due to an unreserved meta block
allocation.
Signed-off-by: Brian Foster <bfoster@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
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commit ea51d132dbf9b00063169c1159bee253d9649224 upstream.
If the pte mapping in generic_perform_write() is unmapped between
iov_iter_fault_in_readable() and iov_iter_copy_from_user_atomic(), the
"copied" parameter to ->end_write can be zero. ext4 couldn't cope with
it with delayed allocations enabled. This skips the i_disksize
enlargement logic if copied is zero and no new data was appeneded to
the inode.
gdb> bt
#0 0xffffffff811afe80 in ext4_da_should_update_i_disksize (file=0xffff88003f606a80, mapping=0xffff88001d3824e0, pos=0x1\
08000, len=0x1000, copied=0x0, page=0xffffea0000d792e8, fsdata=0x0) at fs/ext4/inode.c:2467
#1 ext4_da_write_end (file=0xffff88003f606a80, mapping=0xffff88001d3824e0, pos=0x108000, len=0x1000, copied=0x0, page=0\
xffffea0000d792e8, fsdata=0x0) at fs/ext4/inode.c:2512
#2 0xffffffff810d97f1 in generic_perform_write (iocb=<value optimized out>, iov=<value optimized out>, nr_segs=<value o\
ptimized out>, pos=0x108000, ppos=0xffff88001e26be40, count=<value optimized out>, written=0x0) at mm/filemap.c:2440
#3 generic_file_buffered_write (iocb=<value optimized out>, iov=<value optimized out>, nr_segs=<value optimized out>, p\
os=0x108000, ppos=0xffff88001e26be40, count=<value optimized out>, written=0x0) at mm/filemap.c:2482
#4 0xffffffff810db5d1 in __generic_file_aio_write (iocb=0xffff88001e26bde8, iov=0xffff88001e26bec8, nr_segs=0x1, ppos=0\
xffff88001e26be40) at mm/filemap.c:2600
#5 0xffffffff810db853 in generic_file_aio_write (iocb=0xffff88001e26bde8, iov=0xffff88001e26bec8, nr_segs=<value optimi\
zed out>, pos=<value optimized out>) at mm/filemap.c:2632
#6 0xffffffff811a71aa in ext4_file_write (iocb=0xffff88001e26bde8, iov=0xffff88001e26bec8, nr_segs=0x1, pos=0x108000) a\
t fs/ext4/file.c:136
#7 0xffffffff811375aa in do_sync_write (filp=0xffff88003f606a80, buf=<value optimized out>, len=<value optimized out>, \
ppos=0xffff88001e26bf48) at fs/read_write.c:406
#8 0xffffffff81137e56 in vfs_write (file=0xffff88003f606a80, buf=0x1ec2960 <Address 0x1ec2960 out of bounds>, count=0x4\
000, pos=0xffff88001e26bf48) at fs/read_write.c:435
#9 0xffffffff8113816c in sys_write (fd=<value optimized out>, buf=0x1ec2960 <Address 0x1ec2960 out of bounds>, count=0x\
4000) at fs/read_write.c:487
#10 <signal handler called>
#11 0x00007f120077a390 in __brk_reservation_fn_dmi_alloc__ ()
#12 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
gdb> print offset
$22 = 0xffffffffffffffff
gdb> print idx
$23 = 0xffffffff
gdb> print inode->i_blkbits
$24 = 0xc
gdb> up
#1 ext4_da_write_end (file=0xffff88003f606a80, mapping=0xffff88001d3824e0, pos=0x108000, len=0x1000, copied=0x0, page=0\
xffffea0000d792e8, fsdata=0x0) at fs/ext4/inode.c:2512
2512 if (ext4_da_should_update_i_disksize(page, end)) {
gdb> print start
$25 = 0x0
gdb> print end
$26 = 0xffffffffffffffff
gdb> print pos
$27 = 0x108000
gdb> print new_i_size
$28 = 0x108000
gdb> print ((struct ext4_inode_info *)((char *)inode-((int)(&((struct ext4_inode_info *)0)->vfs_inode))))->i_disksize
$29 = 0xd9000
gdb> down
2467 for (i = 0; i < idx; i++)
gdb> print i
$30 = 0xd44acbee
This is 100% reproducible with some autonuma development code tuned in
a very aggressive manner (not normal way even for knumad) which does
"exotic" changes to the ptes. It wouldn't normally trigger but I don't
see why it can't happen normally if the page is added to swap cache in
between the two faults leading to "copied" being zero (which then
hangs in ext4). So it should be fixed. Especially possible with lumpy
reclaim (albeit disabled if compaction is enabled) as that would
ignore the young bits in the ptes.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 5b41395fcc0265fc9f193aef9df39ce49d64677c upstream.
When writing a contiguous set of blocks, two indirect blocks could be
needed depending on how the blocks are aligned, so we need to increase
the number of credits needed by one.
[ Also fixed a another bug which could further underestimate the
number of journal credits needed by 1; the code was using integer
division instead of DIV_ROUND_UP() -- tytso]
Signed-off-by: Yongqiang Yang <xiaoqiangnk@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 84a8dce2710cc425089a2b92acc354d4fbb5788d upstream.
A few functions were still modifying i_flags in a racy manner.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 12e9b892002d9af057655d35b44db8ee9243b0dc upstream (as of v2.6.34-git13)
At several places we modify EXT4_I(inode)->i_flags without holding
i_mutex (ext4_do_update_inode, ...). These modifications are racy and
we can lose updates to i_flags. So convert handling of i_flags to use
bitops which are atomic.
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15792
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit fbe845ddf368f77f86aa7500f8fd2690f54c66a8 upstream (as of v2.6.34-git13)
Addresses-Google-Bug: #2562325
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit c445e3e0a5c2804524dec6e55f66d63f6bc5bc3e upstream (as of v2.6.34-git13)
There was a bug reported on RHEL5 that a 10G dd on a 12G box
had a very, very slow sync after that.
At issue was the loop in write_cache_pages scanning all the way
to the end of the 10G file, even though the subsequent call
to mpage_da_submit_io would only actually write a smallish amt; then
we went back to the write_cache_pages loop ... wasting tons of time
in calling __mpage_da_writepage for thousands of pages we would
just revisit (many times) later.
Upstream it's not such a big issue for sys_sync because we get
to the loop with a much smaller nr_to_write, which limits the loop.
However, talking with Aneesh he realized that fsync upstream still
gets here with a very large nr_to_write and we face the same problem.
This patch makes mpage_add_bh_to_extent stop the loop after we've
accumulated 2048 pages, by setting mpd->io_done = 1; which ultimately
causes the write_cache_pages loop to break.
Repeating the test with a dirty_ratio of 80 (to leave something for
fsync to do), I don't see huge IO performance gains, but the reduction
in cpu usage is striking: 80% usage with stock, and 2% with the
below patch. Instrumenting the loop in write_cache_pages clearly
shows that we are wasting time here.
Eventually we need to change mpage_da_map_pages() also submit its I/O
to the block layer, subsuming mpage_da_submit_io(), and then change it
call ext4_get_blocks() multiple times.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 35121c9860316d7799cea0fbc359a9186e7c2747 upstream (as of v2.6.34-git13)
allocated_meta_data is already included in 'used' variable.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit fd2dd9fbaf9e498ec63eef298921e36556f7214c upstream (as of v2.6.34-rc6)
Calls to ext4_get_inode_loc() returns with a reference to a buffer
head in iloc->bh. The callers of this function in ext4_write_inode()
when in no journal mode and in ext4_xattr_fiemap() don't release the
buffer head after using it.
Addresses-Google-Bug: #2548165
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 8b472d739b2ddd8ab7fb278874f696cd95b25a5e upstream (as of v2.6.34-rc6)
In the no-journal case, ext4_write_inode() will fetch the bh and call
sync_dirty_buffer() on it. However, if the bh has already been
written and the bh reclaimed for some other purpose, AND if the inode
is the only one in the inode table block in use, then
ext4_get_inode_loc() will not read the inode table block from disk,
but as an optimization, fill the block with zero's assuming that its
caller will copy in the on-disk version of the inode. This is not
done by ext4_write_inode(), so the contents of the inode can simply
get lost. The fix is to use __ext4_get_inode_loc() with in_mem set to
0, instead of ext4_get_inode_loc(). Long term the API needs to be
fixed so it's obvious why latter is not safe.
Addresses-Google-Bug: #2526446
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit d330a5befb88875a9b3d2db62f9b74dadf660b13 upstream (as of v2.6.34-rc3)
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15420
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit da1dafca84413145f5ac59998b4cdd06fb89f721 upstream (as of v2.6.33-git11)
Otherwise non-empty orphan list will be triggered on umount.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit c8d46e41bc744c8fa0092112af3942fcd46c8b18 upstream (as of v2.6.33-git11)
fallocate() may potentially instantiate blocks past EOF, depending
on the flags used when it is called.
e2fsck currently has a test for blocks past i_size, and it
sometimes trips up - noticeably on xfstests 013 which runs fsstress.
This patch from Jiayang does fix it up - it (along with
e2fsprogs updates and other patches recently from Aneesh) has
survived many fsstress runs in a row.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiaying Zhang <jiayingz@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 73b50c1c92666d326b5fa2c945d46509f2f6d91f upstream (as of v2.6.33-git11)
Calls to ext4_handle_dirty_metadata should only pass in an inode
pointer for inode-specific metadata, and not for shared metadata
blocks such as inode table blocks, block group descriptors, the
superblock, etc.
The BUG_ON can get tripped when updating a special device (such as a
block device) that is opened (so that i_mapping is set in
fs/block_dev.c) and the file system is mounted in no journal mode.
Addresses-Google-Bug: #2404870
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 19f5fb7ad679bb361222c7916086435020c37cce upstream (as of v2.6.33-git11)
At several places we modify EXT4_I(inode)->i_state without holding
i_mutex (ext4_release_file, ext4_bmap, ext4_journalled_writepage,
ext4_do_update_inode, ...). These modifications are racy and we can
lose updates to i_state. So convert handling of i_state to use bitops
which are atomic.
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 1296cc85c26e94eb865d03f82140f27d598de467 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc6)
We should update reserve space if it is delalloc buffer
and that is indicated by EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE flag.
So use EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE in place of
EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UPDATE_RESERVE_SPACE
[ Stable note: This fixes a corruption cuased by the following
reproduction case:
rm -f $TEST_FN
touch $TEST_FN
fallocate -n -o 656712 -l 858907 $TEST_FN
dd if=/dev/zero of=$TEST_FN conv=notrunc bs=1 seek=1011020 count=36983
sync
dd if=/dev/zero of=$TEST_FN conv=notrunc bs=1 seek=332121 count=24005
dd if=/dev/zero of=$TEST_FN conv=notrunc bs=1 seek=1040179 count=93319
If the filesystem is then unmounted and e2fsck run forced, the
i_blocks field for the file $TEST_FN will be found to be incorrect. ]
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 5f634d064c709ea02c3cdaa850a08323a4a4bf28 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc6)
When we fallocate a region of the file which we had recently written,
and which is still in the page cache marked as delayed allocated blocks
we need to make sure we don't do the quota update on writepage path.
This is because the needed quota updated would have already be done
by fallocate.
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 1db913823c0f8360fccbd24ca67eb073966a5ffd upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc6)
We need to release the journal before we do a write_inode. Otherwise
we could deadlock.
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 9d0be50230b333005635967f7ecd4897dbfd181b upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc3)
In the past, ext4_calc_metadata_amount(), and its sub-functions
ext4_ext_calc_metadata_amount() and ext4_indirect_calc_metadata_amount()
badly over-estimated the number of metadata blocks that might be
required for delayed allocation blocks. This didn't matter as much
when functions which managed the reserved metadata blocks were more
aggressive about dropping reserved metadata blocks as delayed
allocation blocks were written, but unfortunately they were too
aggressive. This was fixed in commit 0637c6f, but as a result the
over-estimation by ext4_calc_metadata_amount() would lead to reserving
2-3 times the number of pending delayed allocation blocks as
potentially required metadata blocks. So if there are 1 megabytes of
blocks which have been not yet been allocation, up to 3 megabytes of
space would get reserved out of the user's quota and from the file
system free space pool until all of the inode's data blocks have been
allocated.
This commit addresses this problem by much more accurately estimating
the number of metadata blocks that will be required. It will still
somewhat over-estimate the number of blocks needed, since it must make
a worst case estimate not knowing which physical blocks will be
needed, but it is much more accurate than before.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit ee5f4d9cdf32fd99172d11665c592a288c2b1ff4 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc3)
Commit 0637c6f had a typo which caused the reserved metadata blocks to
not be released correctly. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 0637c6f4135f592f094207c7c21e7c0fc5557834 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc3)
As reported in Kernel Bugzilla #14936, commit d21cd8f triggered a BUG
in the function ext4_da_update_reserve_space() found in
fs/ext4/inode.c. The root cause of this BUG() was caused by the fact
that ext4_calc_metadata_amount() can severely over-estimate how many
metadata blocks will be needed, especially when using direct
block-mapped files.
In addition, it can also badly *under* estimate how much space is
needed, since ext4_calc_metadata_amount() assumes that the blocks are
contiguous, and this is not always true. If the application is
writing blocks to a sparse file, the number of metadata blocks
necessary can be severly underestimated by the functions
ext4_da_reserve_space(), ext4_da_update_reserve_space() and
ext4_da_release_space(). This was the cause of the dq_claim_space
reports found on kerneloops.org.
Unfortunately, doing this right means that we need to massively
over-estimate the amount of free space needed. So in some cases we
may need to force the inode to be written to disk asynchronously in
to avoid spurious quota failures.
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14936
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 2faf2e19dd0e060eeb32442858ef495ac3083277 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc3)
When ext4_da_writepages increases the nr_to_write in writeback_control
then it must always re-base the return value. Originally there was a
(misguided) attempt prevent wbc.nr_to_write from going negative. In
fact, it's necessary to allow nr_to_write to be negative so that
wb_writeback() can correctly calculate how many pages were actually
written.
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit d21cd8f163ac44b15c465aab7306db931c606908 upstream (as of v2.6.33-rc2)
We have to delay vfs_dq_claim_space() until allocation context destruction.
Currently we have following call-trace:
ext4_mb_new_blocks()
/* task is already holding ac->alloc_semp */
->ext4_mb_mark_diskspace_used
->vfs_dq_claim_space() /* acquire dqptr_sem here. Possible deadlock */
->ext4_mb_release_context() /* drop ac->alloc_semp here */
Let's move quota claiming to ext4_da_update_reserve_space()
=======================================================
[ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
2.6.32-rc7 #18
-------------------------------------------------------
write-truncate-/3465 is trying to acquire lock:
(&s->s_dquot.dqptr_sem){++++..}, at: [<c025e73b>] dquot_claim_space+0x3b/0x1b0
but task is already holding lock:
(&meta_group_info[i]->alloc_sem){++++..}, at: [<c02ce962>] ext4_mb_load_buddy+0xb2/0x370
which lock already depends on the new lock.
the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
-> #3 (&meta_group_info[i]->alloc_sem){++++..}:
[<c017d04b>] __lock_acquire+0xd7b/0x1260
[<c017d5ea>] lock_acquire+0xba/0xd0
[<c0527191>] down_read+0x51/0x90
[<c02ce962>] ext4_mb_load_buddy+0xb2/0x370
[<c02d0c1c>] ext4_mb_free_blocks+0x46c/0x870
[<c029c9d3>] ext4_free_blocks+0x73/0x130
[<c02c8cfc>] ext4_ext_truncate+0x76c/0x8d0
[<c02a8087>] ext4_truncate+0x187/0x5e0
[<c01e0f7b>] vmtruncate+0x6b/0x70
[<c022ec02>] inode_setattr+0x62/0x190
[<c02a2d7a>] ext4_setattr+0x25a/0x370
[<c022ee81>] notify_change+0x151/0x340
[<c021349d>] do_truncate+0x6d/0xa0
[<c0221034>] may_open+0x1d4/0x200
[<c022412b>] do_filp_open+0x1eb/0x910
[<c021244d>] do_sys_open+0x6d/0x140
[<c021258e>] sys_open+0x2e/0x40
[<c0103100>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
-> #2 (&ei->i_data_sem){++++..}:
[<c017d04b>] __lock_acquire+0xd7b/0x1260
[<c017d5ea>] lock_acquire+0xba/0xd0
[<c0527191>] down_read+0x51/0x90
[<c02a5787>] ext4_get_blocks+0x47/0x450
[<c02a74c1>] ext4_getblk+0x61/0x1d0
[<c02a7a7f>] ext4_bread+0x1f/0xa0
[<c02bcddc>] ext4_quota_write+0x12c/0x310
[<c0262d23>] qtree_write_dquot+0x93/0x120
[<c0261708>] v2_write_dquot+0x28/0x30
[<c025d3fb>] dquot_commit+0xab/0xf0
[<c02be977>] ext4_write_dquot+0x77/0x90
[<c02be9bf>] ext4_mark_dquot_dirty+0x2f/0x50
[<c025e321>] dquot_alloc_inode+0x101/0x180
[<c029fec2>] ext4_new_inode+0x602/0xf00
[<c02ad789>] ext4_create+0x89/0x150
[<c0221ff2>] vfs_create+0xa2/0xc0
[<c02246e7>] do_filp_open+0x7a7/0x910
[<c021244d>] do_sys_open+0x6d/0x140
[<c021258e>] sys_open+0x2e/0x40
[<c0103100>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
-> #1 (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#7/4){+.+...}:
[<c017d04b>] __lock_acquire+0xd7b/0x1260
[<c017d5ea>] lock_acquire+0xba/0xd0
[<c0526505>] mutex_lock_nested+0x65/0x2d0
[<c0260c9d>] vfs_load_quota_inode+0x4bd/0x5a0
[<c02610af>] vfs_quota_on_path+0x5f/0x70
[<c02bc812>] ext4_quota_on+0x112/0x190
[<c026345a>] sys_quotactl+0x44a/0x8a0
[<c0103100>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
-> #0 (&s->s_dquot.dqptr_sem){++++..}:
[<c017d361>] __lock_acquire+0x1091/0x1260
[<c017d5ea>] lock_acquire+0xba/0xd0
[<c0527191>] down_read+0x51/0x90
[<c025e73b>] dquot_claim_space+0x3b/0x1b0
[<c02cb95f>] ext4_mb_mark_diskspace_used+0x36f/0x380
[<c02d210a>] ext4_mb_new_blocks+0x34a/0x530
[<c02c83fb>] ext4_ext_get_blocks+0x122b/0x13c0
[<c02a5966>] ext4_get_blocks+0x226/0x450
[<c02a5ff3>] mpage_da_map_blocks+0xc3/0xaa0
[<c02a6ed6>] ext4_da_writepages+0x506/0x790
[<c01de272>] do_writepages+0x22/0x50
[<c01d766d>] __filemap_fdatawrite_range+0x6d/0x80
[<c01d7b9b>] filemap_flush+0x2b/0x30
[<c02a40ac>] ext4_alloc_da_blocks+0x5c/0x60
[<c029e595>] ext4_release_file+0x75/0xb0
[<c0216b59>] __fput+0xf9/0x210
[<c0216c97>] fput+0x27/0x30
[<c02122dc>] filp_close+0x4c/0x80
[<c014510e>] put_files_struct+0x6e/0xd0
[<c01451b7>] exit_files+0x47/0x60
[<c0146a24>] do_exit+0x144/0x710
[<c0147028>] do_group_exit+0x38/0xa0
[<c0159abc>] get_signal_to_deliver+0x2ac/0x410
[<c0102849>] do_notify_resume+0xb9/0x890
[<c01032d2>] work_notifysig+0x13/0x21
other info that might help us debug this:
3 locks held by write-truncate-/3465:
#0: (jbd2_handle){+.+...}, at: [<c02e1f8f>] start_this_handle+0x38f/0x5c0
#1: (&ei->i_data_sem){++++..}, at: [<c02a57f6>] ext4_get_blocks+0xb6/0x450
#2: (&meta_group_info[i]->alloc_sem){++++..}, at: [<c02ce962>] ext4_mb_load_buddy+0xb2/0x370
stack backtrace:
Pid: 3465, comm: write-truncate- Not tainted 2.6.32-rc7 #18
Call Trace:
[<c0524cb3>] ? printk+0x1d/0x22
[<c017ac9a>] print_circular_bug+0xca/0xd0
[<c017d361>] __lock_acquire+0x1091/0x1260
[<c016bca2>] ? sched_clock_local+0xd2/0x170
[<c0178fd0>] ? trace_hardirqs_off_caller+0x20/0xd0
[<c017d5ea>] lock_acquire+0xba/0xd0
[<c025e73b>] ? dquot_claim_space+0x3b/0x1b0
[<c0527191>] down_read+0x51/0x90
[<c025e73b>] ? dquot_claim_space+0x3b/0x1b0
[<c025e73b>] dquot_claim_space+0x3b/0x1b0
[<c02cb95f>] ext4_mb_mark_diskspace_used+0x36f/0x380
[<c02d210a>] ext4_mb_new_blocks+0x34a/0x530
[<c02c601d>] ? ext4_ext_find_extent+0x25d/0x280
[<c02c83fb>] ext4_ext_get_blocks+0x122b/0x13c0
[<c016bca2>] ? sched_clock_local+0xd2/0x170
[<c016be60>] ? sched_clock_cpu+0x120/0x160
[<c016beef>] ? cpu_clock+0x4f/0x60
[<c0178fd0>] ? trace_hardirqs_off_caller+0x20/0xd0
[<c052712c>] ? down_write+0x8c/0xa0
[<c02a5966>] ext4_get_blocks+0x226/0x450
[<c016be60>] ? sched_clock_cpu+0x120/0x160
[<c016beef>] ? cpu_clock+0x4f/0x60
[<c017908b>] ? trace_hardirqs_off+0xb/0x10
[<c02a5ff3>] mpage_da_map_blocks+0xc3/0xaa0
[<c01d69cc>] ? find_get_pages_tag+0x16c/0x180
[<c01d6860>] ? find_get_pages_tag+0x0/0x180
[<c02a73bd>] ? __mpage_da_writepage+0x16d/0x1a0
[<c01dfc4e>] ? pagevec_lookup_tag+0x2e/0x40
[<c01ddf1b>] ? write_cache_pages+0xdb/0x3d0
[<c02a7250>] ? __mpage_da_writepage+0x0/0x1a0
[<c02a6ed6>] ext4_da_writepages+0x506/0x790
[<c016beef>] ? cpu_clock+0x4f/0x60
[<c016bca2>] ? sched_clock_local+0xd2/0x170
[<c016be60>] ? sched_clock_cpu+0x120/0x160
[<c016be60>] ? sched_clock_cpu+0x120/0x160
[<c02a69d0>] ? ext4_da_writepages+0x0/0x790
[<c01de272>] do_writepages+0x22/0x50
[<c01d766d>] __filemap_fdatawrite_range+0x6d/0x80
[<c01d7b9b>] filemap_flush+0x2b/0x30
[<c02a40ac>] ext4_alloc_da_blocks+0x5c/0x60
[<c029e595>] ext4_release_file+0x75/0xb0
[<c0216b59>] __fput+0xf9/0x210
[<c0216c97>] fput+0x27/0x30
[<c02122dc>] filp_close+0x4c/0x80
[<c014510e>] put_files_struct+0x6e/0xd0
[<c01451b7>] exit_files+0x47/0x60
[<c0146a24>] do_exit+0x144/0x710
[<c017b163>] ? lock_release_holdtime+0x33/0x210
[<c0528137>] ? _spin_unlock_irq+0x27/0x30
[<c0147028>] do_group_exit+0x38/0xa0
[<c017babb>] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xb/0x10
[<c0159abc>] get_signal_to_deliver+0x2ac/0x410
[<c0102849>] do_notify_resume+0xb9/0x890
[<c0178fd0>] ? trace_hardirqs_off_caller+0x20/0xd0
[<c017b163>] ? lock_release_holdtime+0x33/0x210
[<c0165b50>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x50
[<c017ba54>] ? trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x134/0x190
[<c017babb>] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xb/0x10
[<c0300ba4>] ? security_file_permission+0x14/0x20
[<c0215761>] ? vfs_write+0x131/0x190
[<c0214f50>] ? do_sync_write+0x0/0x120
[<c0103115>] ? sysenter_do_call+0x27/0x32
[<c01032d2>] work_notifysig+0x13/0x21
CC: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit a1de02dccf906faba2ee2d99cac56799bda3b96a upstream.
The "offset" member in ext4_io_end holds bytes, not blocks, so
ext4_lblk_t is wrong - and too small (u32).
This caused the async i/o writes to sparse files beyond 4GB to fail
when they wrapped around to 0.
Also fix up the type of arguments to ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(),
it gets ssize_t from ext4_end_aio_dio_nolock() and
ext4_ext_direct_IO().
Reported-by: Giel de Nijs <giel@vectorwise.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Cc: maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit c8afb44682fcef6273e8b8eb19fab13ddd05b386 upstream.
Creating many small files in rapid succession on a small
filesystem can lead to spurious ENOSPC; on a 104MB filesystem:
for i in `seq 1 22500`; do
echo -n > $SCRATCH_MNT/$i
echo XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX > $SCRATCH_MNT/$i
done
leads to ENOSPC even though after a sync, 40% of the fs is free
again.
This is because we reserve worst-case metadata for delalloc writes,
and when data is allocated that worst-case reservation is not
usually needed.
When freespace is low, kicking off an async writeback will start
converting that worst-case space usage into something more realistic,
almost always freeing up space to continue.
This resolves the testcase for me, and survives all 4 generic
ENOSPC tests in xfstests.
We'll still need a hard synchronous sync to squeeze out the last bit,
but this fixes things up to a large degree.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit 39bc680a8160bb9d6743f7873b535d553ff61058 upstream.
Unlock i_block_reservation_lock before vfs_dq_reserve_block().
This patch fixes http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14739
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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commit a9e7f4472075fb6937c545af3f6329e9946bbe66 upstream.
This patch also fixes write vs chown race condition.
Acked-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit b436b9bef84de6893e86346d8fbf7104bc520645)
We cannot rely on buffer dirty bits during fsync because pdflush can come
before fsync is called and clear dirty bits without forcing a transaction
commit. What we do is that we track which transaction has last changed
the inode and which transaction last changed allocation and force it to
disk on fsync.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 194074acacebc169ded90a4657193f5180015051)
Inside ->setattr() call both ATTR_UID and ATTR_GID may be valid
This means that we may end-up with transferring all quotas. Add
we have to reserve QUOTA_DEL_BLOCKS for all quotas, as we do in
case of QUOTA_INIT_BLOCKS.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 5aca07eb7d8f14d90c740834d15ca15277f4820c)
Currently all quota block reservation macros contains hard-coded "2"
aka MAXQUOTAS value. This is no good because in some places it is not
obvious to understand what does this digit represent. Let's introduce
new macro with self descriptive name.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Acked-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 8aa6790f876e81f5a2211fe1711a5fe3fe2d7b20)
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit b9a4207d5e911b938f73079a83cc2ae10524ec7f)
When ext4_write_begin fails after allocating some blocks or
generic_perform_write fails to copy data to write, we truncate blocks
already instantiated beyond i_size. Although these blocks were never
inside i_size, we have to truncate the pagecache of these blocks so
that corresponding buffers get unmapped. Otherwise subsequent
__block_prepare_write (called because we are retrying the write) will
find the buffers mapped, not call ->get_block, and thus the page will
be backed by already freed blocks leading to filesystem and data
corruption.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 2bba702d4f88d7b010ec37e2527b552588404ae7)
When an error happened in ext4_splice_branch we failed to notice that
in ext4_ind_get_blocks and mapped the buffer anyway. Fix the problem
by checking for error properly.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 1032988c71f3f85483b2b4319684d1205a704c02)
The block validity checks used by ext4_data_block_valid() wasn't
correctly written to check file systems with the meta_bg feature. Fix
this.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 30c6e07a92ea4cb87160d32ffa9bce172576ae4c)
We need to be testing the i_flags field in the ext4 specific portion
of the inode, instead of the (confusingly aliased) i_flags field in
the generic struct inode.
Signed-off-by: Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 50689696867d95b38d9c7be640a311494a04fb86)
When an inode gets unlinked, the functions ext4_clear_blocks() and
ext4_remove_blocks() call ext4_forget() for all the buffer heads
corresponding to the deleted inode's data blocks. If the inode is a
directory or a symlink, the is_metadata parameter must be non-zero so
ext4_forget() will revoke them via jbd2_journal_revoke(). Otherwise,
if these blocks are reused for a data file, and the system crashes
before a journal checkpoint, the journal replay could end up
corrupting these data blocks.
Thanks to Curt Wohlgemuth for pointing out potential problems in this
area.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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(cherry picked from commit 567f3e9a70d71e5c9be03701b8578be77857293b)
One of the invalid error paths in ext4_iget() forgot to brelse() the
inode buffer head. Fix it by adding a brelse() in the common error
return path, which also simplifies function.
Thanks to Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> reporting the problem.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
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The ext4_debug() call in ext4_end_io_dio() should be moved after the
check to make sure that io_end is non-NULL.
The comment above ext4_get_block_dio_write() ("Maximum number of
blocks...") is a duplicate; the original and correct comment is above
the #define DIO_MAX_BLOCKS up above.
Based on review comments from Curt Wohlgemuth.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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At the end of direct I/O operation, ext4_ext_direct_IO() always called
ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(), regardless of whether there were any
unwritten extents involved in the I/O or not.
This commit adds a state flag so that ext4_ext_direct_IO() only calls
ext4_convert_unwritten_extents() when necessary.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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After a direct I/O request covering an uninitalized extent (i.e.,
created using the fallocate system call) or a hole in a file, ext4
will convert the uninitialized extent so it is marked as initialized
by calling ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(). This function returns
zero on success.
This return value was getting returned by ext4_direct_IO(); however
the file system's direct_IO function is supposed to return the number
of bytes read or written on a success. By returning zero, it confused
the direct I/O code into falling back to buffered I/O unnecessarily.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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When restart a transaction during a truncate operation, we drop and
reacquire i_data_sem. After reacquiring i_data_sem, we need to
discard any inode-based preallocation that might have been grabbed
while we released i_data_sem (for example, if pdflush is allocating
blocks and racing against the truncate).
Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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On a 256M filesystem, doing this in a loop:
xfs_io -F -f -d -c 'pwrite 0 64m' test
rm -f test
eventually leads to ENOSPC. (the xfs_io command does a
64m direct IO write to the file "test")
As with other block allocation callers, it looks like we need to
potentially retry the allocations on the initial ENOSPC.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This fixes the following warning:
fs/ext4/inode.c: In function 'ext4_dirty_inode':
fs/ext4/inode.c:5615: warning: unused variable 'current_handle'
We remove the jbd_debug() statement which does use current_handle, as
it's not terribly important in the grand scheme of things.
Thanks to Stephen Rothwell for pointing this out.
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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In ext4_num_dirty_pages() we were calling page_buffers() before
checking to see if the page actually had pages attached to it; this
would cause a BUG check crash in the inline function page_buffers().
Thanks to Markus Trippelsdorf for reporting this bug.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This patch a problem that ext4_dirty_inode() was not calling
ext4_mark_inode_dirty() if the current_handle is not valid, which it
is the case in no journal mode.
It also removes a test for non-matching transaction which can never
happen.
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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This is a cleanup of commit 91ac6f4. Since ext4_mark_inode_dirty()
has already called ext4_mark_iloc_dirty(), which in turn calls
ext4_do_update_inode(), it's not necessary to have ext4_write_inode()
call ext4_do_update_inode() in no journal mode. Indeed, it would be
duplicated work.
Reviewed-by: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Frank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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For async direct IO that covers holes or fallocate, the end_io
callback function now queued the convertion work on workqueue but
don't flush the work rightaway as it might take too long to afford.
But when fsync is called after all the data is completed, user expects
the metadata also being updated before fsync returns.
Thus we need to flush the conversion work when fsync() is called.
This patch keep track of a listed of completed async direct io that
has a work queued on workqueue. When fsync() is called, it will go
through the list and do the conversion.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
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Currently the DIO VFS code passes create = 0 when writing to the
middle of file. It does this to avoid block allocation for holes, so
as not to expose stale data out when there is a parallel buffered read
(which does not hold the i_mutex lock). Direct I/O writes into holes
falls back to buffered IO for this reason.
Since preallocated extents are treated as holes when doing a
get_block() look up (buffer is not mapped), direct IO over fallocate
also falls back to buffered IO. Thus ext4 actually silently falls
back to buffered IO in above two cases, which is undesirable.
To fix this, this patch creates unitialized extents when a direct I/O
write into holes in sparse files, and registering an end_io callback which
converts the uninitialized extent to an initialized extent after the
I/O is completed.
Singed-Off-By: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
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