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2011-12-21TOMOYO: Fix pathname handling of disconnected paths.Tetsuo Handa
commit 1418a3e5ad4d01b1d4abf2c479c50b0cedd59e3f upstream. Current tomoyo_realpath_from_path() implementation returns strange pathname when calculating pathname of a file which belongs to lazy unmounted tree. Use local pathname rather than strange absolute pathname in that case. Also, this patch fixes a regression by commit 02125a82 "fix apparmor dereferencing potentially freed dentry, sanitize __d_path() API". Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
2011-12-21fix apparmor dereferencing potentially freed dentry, sanitize __d_path() APIAl Viro
commit 02125a826459a6ad142f8d91c5b6357562f96615 upstream. __d_path() API is asking for trouble and in case of apparmor d_namespace_path() getting just that. The root cause is that when __d_path() misses the root it had been told to look for, it stores the location of the most remote ancestor in *root. Without grabbing references. Sure, at the moment of call it had been pinned down by what we have in *path. And if we raced with umount -l, we could have very well stopped at vfsmount/dentry that got freed as soon as prepend_path() dropped vfsmount_lock. It is safe to compare these pointers with pre-existing (and known to be still alive) vfsmount and dentry, as long as all we are asking is "is it the same address?". Dereferencing is not safe and apparmor ended up stepping into that. d_namespace_path() really wants to examine the place where we stopped, even if it's not connected to our namespace. As the result, it looked at ->d_sb->s_magic of a dentry that might've been already freed by that point. All other callers had been careful enough to avoid that, but it's really a bad interface - it invites that kind of trouble. The fix is fairly straightforward, even though it's bigger than I'd like: * prepend_path() root argument becomes const. * __d_path() is never called with NULL/NULL root. It was a kludge to start with. Instead, we have an explicit function - d_absolute_root(). Same as __d_path(), except that it doesn't get root passed and stops where it stops. apparmor and tomoyo are using it. * __d_path() returns NULL on path outside of root. The main caller is show_mountinfo() and that's precisely what we pass root for - to skip those outside chroot jail. Those who don't want that can (and do) use d_path(). * __d_path() root argument becomes const. Everyone agrees, I hope. * apparmor does *NOT* try to use __d_path() or any of its variants when it sees that path->mnt is an internal vfsmount. In that case it's definitely not mounted anywhere and dentry_path() is exactly what we want there. Handling of sysctl()-triggered weirdness is moved to that place. * if apparmor is asked to do pathname relative to chroot jail and __d_path() tells it we it's not in that jail, the sucker just calls d_absolute_path() instead. That's the other remaining caller of __d_path(), BTW. * seq_path_root() does _NOT_ return -ENAMETOOLONG (it's stupid anyway - the normal seq_file logics will take care of growing the buffer and redoing the call of ->show() just fine). However, if it gets path not reachable from root, it returns SEQ_SKIP. The only caller adjusted (i.e. stopped ignoring the return value as it used to do). Reviewed-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> ACKed-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
2011-08-08TOMOYO: Fix incomplete read of /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/profileTetsuo Handa
Commit bd03a3e4 "TOMOYO: Add policy namespace support." forgot to set EOF flag and forgot to print namespace at PREFERENCE line. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-14TOMOYO: Update kernel-doc.Tetsuo Handa
Update comments for scripts/kernel-doc and fix some of errors reported by scripts/checkpatch.pl . Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-11TOMOYO: Enable conditional ACL.Tetsuo Handa
Enable conditional ACL by passing object's pointers. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-11TOMOYO: Allow using argv[]/envp[] of execve() as conditions.Tetsuo Handa
This patch adds support for permission checks using argv[]/envp[] of execve() request. Hooks are in the last patch of this pathset. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-11TOMOYO: Allow using executable's realpath and symlink's target as conditions.Tetsuo Handa
This patch adds support for permission checks using executable file's realpath upon execve() and symlink's target upon symlink(). Hooks are in the last patch of this pathset. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-11TOMOYO: Allow using owner/group etc. of file objects as conditions.Tetsuo Handa
This patch adds support for permission checks using file object's DAC attributes (e.g. owner/group) when checking file's pathnames. Hooks for passing file object's pointers are in the last patch of this pathset. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-11TOMOYO: Allow using UID/GID etc. of current thread as conditions.Tetsuo Handa
This patch adds support for permission checks using current thread's UID/GID etc. in addition to pathnames. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-08TOMOYO: Remove /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/.domain_status interface.Tetsuo Handa
/sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/.domain_status can be easily emulated using /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/domain_policy . We can remove this interface by updating /usr/sbin/tomoyo-setprofile utility. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-07-01TOMOYO: Fix wrong domainname in tomoyo_init_log().Tetsuo Handa
Commit eadd99cc "TOMOYO: Add auditing interface." by error replaced "struct tomoyo_request_info"->domain with tomoyo_domain(). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-30TOMOYO: Cleanup header file.Tetsuo Handa
Sort by alphabetic order. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-30TOMOYO: Fix build error with CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO_OMIT_USERSPACE_LOADER=y .Tetsuo Handa
I forgot to add #ifndef in commit 0e4ae0e0 "TOMOYO: Make several options configurable.", resulting security/built-in.o: In function `tomoyo_bprm_set_creds': tomoyo.c:(.text+0x4698e): undefined reference to `tomoyo_load_policy' error. Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-30Merge branch 'linus' into nextJames Morris
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Make several options configurable.Tetsuo Handa
To be able to start using enforcing mode from the early stage of boot sequence, this patch adds support for activating access control without calling external policy loader program. This will be useful for systems where operations which can lead to the hijacking of the boot sequence are needed before loading the policy. For example, you can activate immediately after loading the fixed part of policy which will allow only operations needed for mounting a partition which contains the variant part of policy and verifying (e.g. running GPG check) and loading the variant part of policy. Since you can start using enforcing mode from the beginning, you can reduce the possibility of hijacking the boot sequence. This patch makes several variables configurable on build time. This patch also adds TOMOYO_loader= and TOMOYO_trigger= kernel command line option to boot the same kernel in two different init systems (BSD-style init and systemd). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Add built-in policy support.Tetsuo Handa
To be able to start using enforcing mode from the early stage of boot sequence, this patch adds support for built-in policy configuration (and next patch adds support for activating access control without calling external policy loader program). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Rename meminfo to stat and show more statistics.Tetsuo Handa
Show statistics such as last policy update time and last policy violation time in addition to memory usage. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Cleanup part 4.Tetsuo Handa
Gather string constants to one file in order to make the object size smaller. Use unsigned type where appropriate. read()/write() returns ssize_t. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Fix lockdep warning.Tetsuo Handa
Currently TOMOYO holds SRCU lock upon open() and releases it upon close() because list elements stored in the "struct tomoyo_io_buffer" instances are accessed until close() is called. However, such SRCU usage causes lockdep to complain about leaving the kernel with SRCU lock held. This patch solves the warning by holding/releasing SRCU upon each read()/write(). This patch is doing something similar to calling kfree() without calling synchronize_srcu(), by selectively deferring kfree() by keeping track of the "struct tomoyo_io_buffer" instances. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Change pathname for non-rename()able filesystems.Tetsuo Handa
TOMOYO wants to use /proc/self/ rather than /proc/$PID/ if $PID matches current thread's process ID in order to prevent current thread from accessing other process's information unless needed. But since procfs can be mounted on various locations (e.g. /proc/ /proc2/ /p/ /tmp/foo/100/p/ ), TOMOYO cannot tell that whether the numeric part in the string returned by __d_path() represents process ID or not. Therefore, to be able to convert from $PID to self no matter where procfs is mounted, this patch changes pathname representations for filesystems which do not support rename() operation (e.g. proc, sysfs, securityfs). Examples: /proc/self/mounts => proc:/self/mounts /sys/kernel/security/ => sys:/kernel/security/ /dev/pts/0 => devpts:/0 Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Add policy namespace support.Tetsuo Handa
Mauras Olivier reported that it is difficult to use TOMOYO in LXC environments, for TOMOYO cannot distinguish between environments outside the container and environments inside the container since LXC environments are created using pivot_root(). To address this problem, this patch introduces policy namespace. Each policy namespace has its own set of domain policy, exception policy and profiles, which are all independent of other namespaces. This independency allows users to develop policy without worrying interference among namespaces. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Add ACL group support.Tetsuo Handa
ACL group allows administrator to globally grant not only "file read" permission but also other permissions. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Add auditing interface.Tetsuo Handa
Add /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/audit interface. This interface generates audit logs in the form of domain policy so that /usr/sbin/tomoyo-auditd can reuse audit logs for appending to /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/domain_policy interface. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Simplify profile structure.Tetsuo Handa
Remove global preference from profile structure in order to make code simpler. Due to this structure change, printk() warnings upon policy violation are temporarily disabled. They will be replaced by /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/audit by next patch. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Rename directives.Tetsuo Handa
Convert "allow_..." style directives to "file ..." style directives. By converting to the latter style, we can pack policy like "file read/write/execute /path/to/file". Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Use struct for passing ACL line.Tetsuo Handa
Use structure for passing ACL line, in preparation for supporting policy namespace and conditional parameters. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Cleanup part 3.Tetsuo Handa
Use common structure for ACL with "struct list_head" + "atomic_t". Use array/struct where possible. Remove is_group from "struct tomoyo_name_union"/"struct tomoyo_number_union". Pass "struct file"->private_data rather than "struct file". Update some of comments. Bring tomoyo_same_acl_head() from common.h to domain.c . Bring tomoyo_invalid()/tomoyo_valid() from common.h to util.c . Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Cleanup part 2.Tetsuo Handa
Update (or temporarily remove) comments. Remove or replace some of #define lines. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-29TOMOYO: Cleanup part 1.Tetsuo Handa
In order to synchronize with TOMOYO 1.8's syntax, (1) Remove special handling for allow_read/write permission. (2) Replace deny_rewrite/allow_rewrite permission with allow_append permission. (3) Remove file_pattern keyword. (4) Remove allow_read permission from exception policy. (5) Allow creating domains in enforcing mode without calling supervisor. (6) Add permission check for opening directory for reading. (7) Add permission check for stat() operation. (8) Make "cat < /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/self_domain" behave as if "cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/self_domain". Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-06-14TOMOYO: Fix oops in tomoyo_mount_acl().Tetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_mount_acl() since 2.6.36, kern_path() was called without checking dev_name != NULL. As a result, an unprivileged user can trigger oops by issuing mount(NULL, "/", "ext3", 0, NULL) request. Fix this by checking dev_name != NULL before calling kern_path(dev_name). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: stable@kernel.org Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-05-12TOMOYO: Fix wrong domainname validation.Tetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_correct_domain() since 2.6.36, TOMOYO was by error validating "<kernel>" + "/foo/\" + "/bar" when "<kernel> /foo/\* /bar" was given. As a result, legal domainnames like "<kernel> /foo/\* /bar" are rejected. Reported-by: Hayama Yossihiro <yossi@yedo.src.co.jp> Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-04-20TOMOYO: Fix refcount leak in tomoyo_mount_acl().Tetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_mount_acl() since 2.6.36, reference to device file (e.g. /dev/sda1) was leaking. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-04-19Merge branch 'master'; commit 'v2.6.39-rc3' into nextJames Morris
2011-04-19TOMOYO: Fix infinite loop bug when reading /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/auditTetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_flush(), head->r.w[0] holds pointer to string data to be printed. But head->r.w[0] was updated only when the string data was partially printed (because head->r.w[0] will be updated by head->r.w[1] later if completely printed). However, regarding /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/query , an additional '\0' is printed after the string data was completely printed. But if free space for read buffer became 0 before printing the additional '\0', tomoyo_flush() was returning without updating head->r.w[0]. As a result, tomoyo_flush() forever reprints already printed string data. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-04-19TOMOYO: Don't add / for allow_unmount permission check.Tetsuo Handa
"mount --bind /path/to/file1 /path/to/file2" is legal. Therefore, "umount /path/to/file2" is also legal. Do not automatically append trailing '/' if pathname to be unmounted does not end with '/'. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-04-19TOMOYO: Fix race on updating profile's comment line.Tetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_write_profile() since 2.6.34, a lock was by error missing when replacing profile's comment line. If multiple threads attempted echo '0-COMMENT=comment' > /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/profile in parallel, garbage collector will fail to kfree() the old value. Protect the replacement using a lock. Also, keep the old value rather than replace with empty string when out of memory error has occurred. Signed-off-by: Xiaochen Wang <wangxiaochen0@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-03-31Fix common misspellingsLucas De Marchi
Fixes generated by 'codespell' and manually reviewed. Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>
2011-03-31tomoyo: fix memory leak in tomoyo_commit_ok()Xiaochen Wang
When memory used for policy exceeds the quota, tomoyo_memory_ok() return false. In this case, tomoyo_commit_ok() must call kfree() before returning NULL. This bug exists since 2.6.35. Signed-off-by: Xiaochen Wang <wangxiaochen0@gmail.com> Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-03-03TOMOYO: Fix memory leak upon file open.Tetsuo Handa
In tomoyo_check_open_permission() since 2.6.36, TOMOYO was by error recalculating already calculated pathname when checking allow_rewrite permission. As a result, memory will leak whenever a file is opened for writing without O_APPEND flag. Also, performance will degrade because TOMOYO is calculating pathname regardless of profile configuration. This patch fixes the leak and performance degrade. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2011-01-07fs: dcache scale d_unhashedNick Piggin
Protect d_unhashed(dentry) condition with d_lock. This means keeping DCACHE_UNHASHED bit in synch with hash manipulations. Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
2010-10-25fs: take dcache_lock inside __d_pathChristoph Hellwig
All callers take dcache_lock just around the call to __d_path, so take the lock into it in preparation of getting rid of dcache_lock. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2010-10-21TOMOYO: Print URL information before panic().Tetsuo Handa
Configuration files for TOMOYO 2.3 are not compatible with TOMOYO 2.2. But current panic() message is too unfriendly and is confusing users. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-10-21tomoyo: cleanup. don't store bogus pointerDan Carpenter
If domain is NULL then &domain->list is a bogus address. Let's leave head->r.domain NULL instead of saving an unusable pointer. This is just a cleanup. The current code always checks head->r.eof before dereferencing head->r.domain. Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com> Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
2010-09-27TOMOYO: Don't abuse sys_getpid(), sys_getppid()Ben Hutchings
System call entry functions sys_*() are never to be called from general kernel code. The fact that they aren't declared in header files should have been a clue. These functions also don't exist on Alpha since it has sys_getxpid() instead. Signed-off-by: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk> Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Use pathname specified by policy rather than execve()Tetsuo Handa
Commit c9e69318 "TOMOYO: Allow wildcard for execute permission." changed execute permission and domainname to accept wildcards. But tomoyo_find_next_domain() was using pathname passed to execve() rather than pathname specified by the execute permission. As a result, processes were not able to transit to domains which contain wildcards in their domainnames. This patch passes pathname specified by the execute permission back to tomoyo_find_next_domain() so that processes can transit to domains which contain wildcards in their domainnames. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Update version to 2.3.0Tetsuo Handa
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Fix quota check.Tetsuo Handa
Commit d74725b9 "TOMOYO: Use callback for updating entries." broke tomoyo_domain_quota_is_ok() by counting deleted entries. It needs to count non-deleted entries. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Explicitly set file_operations->llseek pointer.Tetsuo Handa
TOMOYO does not deal offset pointer. Thus seek operation makes no sense. Changing default seek operation from default_llseek() to no_llseek() might break some applications. Thus, explicitly set noop_llseek(). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Add missing poll() hook.Tetsuo Handa
Commit 1dae08c "TOMOYO: Add interactive enforcing mode." forgot to register poll() hook. As a result, /usr/sbin/tomoyo-queryd was doing busy loop. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2010-08-02TOMOYO: Rename symbols.Tetsuo Handa
Use shorter name in order to make it easier to fit 80 columns limit. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>