summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/mm/ashmem.c
blob: 04e886e2c9092dd5c15afb1c81b22889106e0cea (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
/* mm/ashmem.c
**
** Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem, ashmem
**
** Copyright (C) 2008 Google, Inc.
**
** Robert Love <rlove@google.com>
**
** This software is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public
** License version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation, and
** may be copied, distributed, and modified under those terms.
**
** This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
** but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
** MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
** GNU General Public License for more details.
*/

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include <linux/ashmem.h>

#define ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX "dev/ashmem/"
#define ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN (sizeof(ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX) - 1)
#define ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN (ASHMEM_NAME_LEN + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN)

/*
 * ashmem_area - anonymous shared memory area
 * Lifecycle: From our parent file's open() until its release()
 * Locking: Protected by `ashmem_mutex'
 * Big Note: Mappings do NOT pin this structure; it dies on close()
 */
struct ashmem_area {
	char name[ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN];/* optional name for /proc/pid/maps */
	struct list_head unpinned_list;	/* list of all ashmem areas */
	struct file *file;		/* the shmem-based backing file */
	size_t size;			/* size of the mapping, in bytes */
	unsigned long prot_mask;	/* allowed prot bits, as vm_flags */
};

/*
 * ashmem_range - represents an interval of unpinned (evictable) pages
 * Lifecycle: From unpin to pin
 * Locking: Protected by `ashmem_mutex'
 */
struct ashmem_range {
	struct list_head lru;		/* entry in LRU list */
	struct list_head unpinned;	/* entry in its area's unpinned list */
	struct ashmem_area *asma;	/* associated area */
	size_t pgstart;			/* starting page, inclusive */
	size_t pgend;			/* ending page, inclusive */
	unsigned int purged;		/* ASHMEM_NOT or ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED */
};

/* LRU list of unpinned pages, protected by ashmem_mutex */
static LIST_HEAD(ashmem_lru_list);

/* Count of pages on our LRU list, protected by ashmem_mutex */
static unsigned long lru_count;

/*
 * ashmem_mutex - protects the list of and each individual ashmem_area
 *
 * Lock Ordering: ashmex_mutex -> i_mutex -> i_alloc_sem
 */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(ashmem_mutex);

static struct kmem_cache *ashmem_area_cachep __read_mostly;
static struct kmem_cache *ashmem_range_cachep __read_mostly;

#define range_size(range) \
  ((range)->pgend - (range)->pgstart + 1)

#define range_on_lru(range) \
  ((range)->purged == ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED)

#define page_range_subsumes_range(range, start, end) \
  (((range)->pgstart >= (start)) && ((range)->pgend <= (end)))

#define page_range_subsumed_by_range(range, start, end) \
  (((range)->pgstart <= (start)) && ((range)->pgend >= (end)))

#define page_in_range(range, page) \
 (((range)->pgstart <= (page)) && ((range)->pgend >= (page)))

#define page_range_in_range(range, start, end) \
  (page_in_range(range, start) || page_in_range(range, end) || \
   page_range_subsumes_range(range, start, end))

#define range_before_page(range, page) \
  ((range)->pgend < (page))

#define PROT_MASK		(PROT_EXEC | PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)

static inline void lru_add(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_add_tail(&range->lru, &ashmem_lru_list);
	lru_count += range_size(range);
}

static inline void lru_del(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_del(&range->lru);
	lru_count -= range_size(range);
}

/*
 * range_alloc - allocate and initialize a new ashmem_range structure
 *
 * 'asma' - associated ashmem_area
 * 'prev_range' - the previous ashmem_range in the sorted asma->unpinned list
 * 'purged' - initial purge value (ASMEM_NOT_PURGED or ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED)
 * 'start' - starting page, inclusive
 * 'end' - ending page, inclusive
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int range_alloc(struct ashmem_area *asma,
		       struct ashmem_range *prev_range, unsigned int purged,
		       size_t start, size_t end)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range;

	range = kmem_cache_zalloc(ashmem_range_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (unlikely(!range))
		return -ENOMEM;

	range->asma = asma;
	range->pgstart = start;
	range->pgend = end;
	range->purged = purged;

	list_add_tail(&range->unpinned, &prev_range->unpinned);

	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_add(range);

	return 0;
}

static void range_del(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_del(&range->unpinned);
	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_del(range);
	kmem_cache_free(ashmem_range_cachep, range);
}

/*
 * range_shrink - shrinks a range
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static inline void range_shrink(struct ashmem_range *range,
				size_t start, size_t end)
{
	size_t pre = range_size(range);

	range->pgstart = start;
	range->pgend = end;

	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_count -= pre - range_size(range);
}

static int ashmem_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma;
	int ret;

	ret = nonseekable_open(inode, file);
	if (unlikely(ret))
		return ret;

	asma = kmem_cache_zalloc(ashmem_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (unlikely(!asma))
		return -ENOMEM;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&asma->unpinned_list);
	memcpy(asma->name, ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX, ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN);
	asma->prot_mask = PROT_MASK;
	file->private_data = asma;

	return 0;
}

static int ashmem_release(struct inode *ignored, struct file *file)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned)
		range_del(range);
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	if (asma->file)
		fput(asma->file);
	kmem_cache_free(ashmem_area_cachep, asma);

	return 0;
}

static ssize_t ashmem_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
			   size_t len, loff_t *pos)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* If size is not set, or set to 0, always return EOF. */
	if (asma->size == 0) {
		goto out;
        }

	if (!asma->file) {
		ret = -EBADF;
		goto out;
	}

	ret = asma->file->f_op->read(asma->file, buf, len, pos);

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static int ashmem_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* user needs to SET_SIZE before mapping */
	if (unlikely(!asma->size)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/* requested protection bits must match our allowed protection mask */
	if (unlikely((vma->vm_flags & ~asma->prot_mask) & PROT_MASK)) {
		ret = -EPERM;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!asma->file) {
		char *name = ASHMEM_NAME_DEF;
		struct file *vmfile;

		if (asma->name[ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN] != '\0')
			name = asma->name;

		/* ... and allocate the backing shmem file */
		vmfile = shmem_file_setup(name, asma->size, vma->vm_flags);
		if (unlikely(IS_ERR(vmfile))) {
			ret = PTR_ERR(vmfile);
			goto out;
		}
		asma->file = vmfile;
	}
	get_file(asma->file);

	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
		shmem_set_file(vma, asma->file);
	else {
		if (vma->vm_file)
			fput(vma->vm_file);
		vma->vm_file = asma->file;
	}
	vma->vm_flags |= VM_CAN_NONLINEAR;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_shrink - our cache shrinker, called from mm/vmscan.c :: shrink_slab
 *
 * 'nr_to_scan' is the number of objects (pages) to prune, or 0 to query how
 * many objects (pages) we have in total.
 *
 * 'gfp_mask' is the mask of the allocation that got us into this mess.
 *
 * Return value is the number of objects (pages) remaining, or -1 if we cannot
 * proceed without risk of deadlock (due to gfp_mask).
 *
 * We approximate LRU via least-recently-unpinned, jettisoning unpinned partial
 * chunks of ashmem regions LRU-wise one-at-a-time until we hit 'nr_to_scan'
 * pages freed.
 */
static int ashmem_shrink(int nr_to_scan, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;

	/* We might recurse into filesystem code, so bail out if necessary */
	if (nr_to_scan && !(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS))
		return -1;
	if (!nr_to_scan)
		return lru_count;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &ashmem_lru_list, lru) {
		struct inode *inode = range->asma->file->f_dentry->d_inode;
		loff_t start = range->pgstart * PAGE_SIZE;
		loff_t end = (range->pgend + 1) * PAGE_SIZE - 1;

		vmtruncate_range(inode, start, end);
		range->purged = ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED;
		lru_del(range);

		nr_to_scan -= range_size(range);
		if (nr_to_scan <= 0)
			break;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return lru_count;
}

static struct shrinker ashmem_shrinker = {
	.shrink = ashmem_shrink,
	.seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS * 4,
};

static int set_prot_mask(struct ashmem_area *asma, unsigned long prot)
{
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* the user can only remove, not add, protection bits */
	if (unlikely((asma->prot_mask & prot) != prot)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/* does the application expect PROT_READ to imply PROT_EXEC? */
	if ((prot & PROT_READ) && (current->personality & READ_IMPLIES_EXEC))
		prot |= PROT_EXEC;

	asma->prot_mask = prot;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static int set_name(struct ashmem_area *asma, void __user *name)
{
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* cannot change an existing mapping's name */
	if (unlikely(asma->file)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	if (unlikely(copy_from_user(asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN,
				    name, ASHMEM_NAME_LEN)))
		ret = -EFAULT;
	asma->name[ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN-1] = '\0';

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int get_name(struct ashmem_area *asma, void __user *name)
{
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	if (asma->name[ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN] != '\0') {
		size_t len;

		/*
		 * Copying only `len', instead of ASHMEM_NAME_LEN, bytes
		 * prevents us from revealing one user's stack to another.
		 */
		len = strlen(asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN) + 1;
		if (unlikely(copy_to_user(name,
				asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN, len)))
			ret = -EFAULT;
	} else {
		if (unlikely(copy_to_user(name, ASHMEM_NAME_DEF,
					  sizeof(ASHMEM_NAME_DEF))))
			ret = -EFAULT;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_pin - pin the given ashmem region, returning whether it was
 * previously purged (ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED) or not (ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED).
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_pin(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart, size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;
	int ret = ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		/* moved past last applicable page; we can short circuit */
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;

		/*
		 * The user can ask us to pin pages that span multiple ranges,
		 * or to pin pages that aren't even unpinned, so this is messy.
		 *
		 * Four cases:
		 * 1. The requested range subsumes an existing range, so we
		 *    just remove the entire matching range.
		 * 2. The requested range overlaps the start of an existing
		 *    range, so we just update that range.
		 * 3. The requested range overlaps the end of an existing
		 *    range, so we just update that range.
		 * 4. The requested range punches a hole in an existing range,
		 *    so we have to update one side of the range and then
		 *    create a new range for the other side.
		 */
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			ret |= range->purged;

			/* Case #1: Easy. Just nuke the whole thing. */
			if (page_range_subsumes_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
				range_del(range);
				continue;
			}

			/* Case #2: We overlap from the start, so adjust it */
			if (range->pgstart >= pgstart) {
				range_shrink(range, pgend + 1, range->pgend);
				continue;
			}

			/* Case #3: We overlap from the rear, so adjust it */
			if (range->pgend <= pgend) {
				range_shrink(range, range->pgstart, pgstart-1);
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Case #4: We eat a chunk out of the middle. A bit
			 * more complicated, we allocate a new range for the
			 * second half and adjust the first chunk's endpoint.
			 */
			range_alloc(asma, range, range->purged,
				    pgend + 1, range->pgend);
			range_shrink(range, range->pgstart, pgstart - 1);
			break;
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_unpin - unpin the given range of pages. Returns zero on success.
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_unpin(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart, size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;
	unsigned int purged = ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED;

restart:
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		/* short circuit: this is our insertion point */
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;

		/*
		 * The user can ask us to unpin pages that are already entirely
		 * or partially pinned. We handle those two cases here.
		 */
		if (page_range_subsumed_by_range(range, pgstart, pgend))
			return 0;
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			pgstart = min_t(size_t, range->pgstart, pgstart),
			pgend = max_t(size_t, range->pgend, pgend);
			purged |= range->purged;
			range_del(range);
			goto restart;
		}
	}

	return range_alloc(asma, range, purged, pgstart, pgend);
}

/*
 * ashmem_get_pin_status - Returns ASHMEM_IS_UNPINNED if _any_ pages in the
 * given interval are unpinned and ASHMEM_IS_PINNED otherwise.
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_get_pin_status(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart,
				 size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range;
	int ret = ASHMEM_IS_PINNED;

	list_for_each_entry(range, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			ret = ASHMEM_IS_UNPINNED;
			break;
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

static int ashmem_pin_unpin(struct ashmem_area *asma, unsigned long cmd,
			    void __user *p)
{
	struct ashmem_pin pin;
	size_t pgstart, pgend;
	int ret = -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(!asma->file))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(copy_from_user(&pin, p, sizeof(pin))))
		return -EFAULT;

	/* per custom, you can pass zero for len to mean "everything onward" */
	if (!pin.len)
		pin.len = PAGE_ALIGN(asma->size) - pin.offset;

	if (unlikely((pin.offset | pin.len) & ~PAGE_MASK))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(((__u32) -1) - pin.offset < pin.len))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(PAGE_ALIGN(asma->size) < pin.offset + pin.len))
		return -EINVAL;

	pgstart = pin.offset / PAGE_SIZE;
	pgend = pgstart + (pin.len / PAGE_SIZE) - 1;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	switch (cmd) {
	case ASHMEM_PIN:
		ret = ashmem_pin(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_UNPIN:
		ret = ashmem_unpin(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS:
		ret = ashmem_get_pin_status(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	}

	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static long ashmem_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	long ret = -ENOTTY;

	switch (cmd) {
	case ASHMEM_SET_NAME:
		ret = set_name(asma, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_NAME:
		ret = get_name(asma, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_SET_SIZE:
		ret = -EINVAL;
		if (!asma->file) {
			ret = 0;
			asma->size = (size_t) arg;
		}
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_SIZE:
		ret = asma->size;
		break;
	case ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK:
		ret = set_prot_mask(asma, arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK:
		ret = asma->prot_mask;
		break;
	case ASHMEM_PIN:
	case ASHMEM_UNPIN:
	case ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS:
		ret = ashmem_pin_unpin(asma, cmd, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_PURGE_ALL_CACHES:
		ret = -EPERM;
		if (capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) {
			ret = ashmem_shrink(0, GFP_KERNEL);
			ashmem_shrink(ret, GFP_KERNEL);
		}
		break;
	}

	return ret;
}

static struct file_operations ashmem_fops = {
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
	.open = ashmem_open,
	.release = ashmem_release,
        .read = ashmem_read,
	.mmap = ashmem_mmap,
	.unlocked_ioctl = ashmem_ioctl,
	.compat_ioctl = ashmem_ioctl,
};

static struct miscdevice ashmem_misc = {
	.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
	.name = "ashmem",
	.fops = &ashmem_fops,
};

static int __init ashmem_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	ashmem_area_cachep = kmem_cache_create("ashmem_area_cache",
					  sizeof(struct ashmem_area),
					  0, 0, NULL);
	if (unlikely(!ashmem_area_cachep)) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "ashmem: failed to create slab cache\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	ashmem_range_cachep = kmem_cache_create("ashmem_range_cache",
					  sizeof(struct ashmem_range),
					  0, 0, NULL);
	if (unlikely(!ashmem_range_cachep)) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "ashmem: failed to create slab cache\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	ret = misc_register(&ashmem_misc);
	if (unlikely(ret)) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "ashmem: failed to register misc device!\n");
		return ret;
	}

	register_shrinker(&ashmem_shrinker);

	printk(KERN_INFO "ashmem: initialized\n");

	return 0;
}

static void __exit ashmem_exit(void)
{
	int ret;

	unregister_shrinker(&ashmem_shrinker);

	ret = misc_deregister(&ashmem_misc);
	if (unlikely(ret))
		printk(KERN_ERR "ashmem: failed to unregister misc device!\n");

	kmem_cache_destroy(ashmem_range_cachep);
	kmem_cache_destroy(ashmem_area_cachep);

	printk(KERN_INFO "ashmem: unloaded\n");
}

module_init(ashmem_init);
module_exit(ashmem_exit);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");