Merge tag 'v4.1.39' into toradex_vf_4.1-nexttoradex_vf_4.1

Linux 4.1.39

18 files changed, 284 insertions, 174 deletions

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
index 7730c1c5c83a..e2015452177d 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
@@ -44,19 +44,22 @@
 
 /* Exception table entry */
 #ifdef __ASSEMBLY__
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from,to)					\
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, handler)			\
 	.pushsection "__ex_table","a" ;				\
-	.balign 8 ;						\
+	.balign 4 ;						\
 	.long (from) - . ;					\
 	.long (to) - . ;					\
+	.long (handler) - . ;					\
 	.popsection
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from,to)				\
-	.pushsection "__ex_table","a" ;				\
-	.balign 8 ;						\
-	.long (from) - . ;					\
-	.long (to) - . + 0x7ffffff0 ;				\
-	.popsection
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from, to)					\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_default)
+
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(from, to)				\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_fault)
+
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from, to)				\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_ext)
 
 # define _ASM_NOKPROBE(entry)					\
 	.pushsection "_kprobe_blacklist","aw" ;			\
@@ -64,19 +67,24 @@
 	_ASM_PTR (entry);					\
 	.popsection
 #else
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from,to)					\
+# define _EXPAND_EXTABLE_HANDLE(x) #x
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, handler)			\
 	" .pushsection \"__ex_table\",\"a\"\n"			\
-	" .balign 8\n"						\
+	" .balign 4\n"						\
 	" .long (" #from ") - .\n"				\
 	" .long (" #to ") - .\n"				\
+	" .long (" _EXPAND_EXTABLE_HANDLE(handler) ") - .\n"	\
 	" .popsection\n"
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from,to)				\
-	" .pushsection \"__ex_table\",\"a\"\n"			\
-	" .balign 8\n"						\
-	" .long (" #from ") - .\n"				\
-	" .long (" #to ") - . + 0x7ffffff0\n"			\
-	" .popsection\n"
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from, to)					\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_default)
+
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(from, to)				\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_fault)
+
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from, to)				\
+	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_ext)
+
 /* For C file, we already have NOKPROBE_SYMBOL macro */
 #endif
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
index 41b06fca39f7..606f5fff1989 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ struct kvm_x86_ops {
 	void (*vcpu_put)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
 
 	void (*update_db_bp_intercept)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
-	int (*get_msr)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr_index, u64 *pdata);
+	int (*get_msr)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 	int (*set_msr)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 	u64 (*get_segment_base)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int seg);
 	void (*get_segment)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ static inline int emulate_instruction(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 
 void kvm_enable_efer_bits(u64);
 bool kvm_valid_efer(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 efer);
-int kvm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr_index, u64 *data);
+int kvm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 int kvm_set_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 
 struct x86_emulate_ctxt;
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ void kvm_lmsw(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned long msw);
 void kvm_get_cs_db_l_bits(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int *db, int *l);
 int kvm_set_xcr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 index, u64 xcr);
 
-int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata);
+int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 int kvm_set_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr);
 
 unsigned long kvm_get_rflags(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/tlbflush.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/tlbflush.h
index cd791948b286..7e459b7ee708 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/tlbflush.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/tlbflush.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU_SHARED_ALIGNED(struct tlb_state, cpu_tlbstate);
 /* Initialize cr4 shadow for this CPU. */
 static inline void cr4_init_shadow(void)
 {
-	this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.cr4, __read_cr4());
+	this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.cr4, __read_cr4_safe());
 }
 
 /* Set in this cpu's CR4. */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
index ace9dec050b1..81782dc54193 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/uaccess.h
@@ -89,12 +89,11 @@ static inline bool __chk_range_not_ok(unsigned long addr, unsigned long size, un
 	likely(!__range_not_ok(addr, size, user_addr_max()))
 
 /*
- * The exception table consists of pairs of addresses relative to the
- * exception table enty itself: the first is the address of an
- * instruction that is allowed to fault, and the second is the address
- * at which the program should continue.  No registers are modified,
- * so it is entirely up to the continuation code to figure out what to
- * do.
+ * The exception table consists of triples of addresses relative to the
+ * exception table entry itself. The first address is of an instruction
+ * that is allowed to fault, the second is the target at which the program
+ * should continue. The third is a handler function to deal with the fault
+ * caused by the instruction in the first field.
  *
  * All the routines below use bits of fixup code that are out of line
  * with the main instruction path.  This means when everything is well,
@@ -103,13 +102,14 @@ static inline bool __chk_range_not_ok(unsigned long addr, unsigned long size, un
  */
 
 struct exception_table_entry {
-	int insn, fixup;
+	int insn, fixup, handler;
 };
 /* This is not the generic standard exception_table_entry format */
 #define ARCH_HAS_SORT_EXTABLE
 #define ARCH_HAS_SEARCH_EXTABLE
 
-extern int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs);
+extern int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr);
+extern bool ex_has_fault_handler(unsigned long ip);
 extern int early_fixup_exception(unsigned long *ip);
 
 /*
@@ -391,7 +391,11 @@ do {									\
 #define __get_user_asm_ex(x, addr, itype, rtype, ltype)			\
 	asm volatile("1:	mov"itype" %1,%"rtype"0\n"		\
 		     "2:\n"						\
-		     _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(1b, 2b)				\
+		     ".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"				\
+                     "3:xor"itype" %"rtype"0,%"rtype"0\n"		\
+		     "  jmp 2b\n"					\
+		     ".previous\n"					\
+		     _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(1b, 3b)				\
 		     : ltype(x) : "m" (__m(addr)))
 
 #define __put_user_nocheck(x, ptr, size)			\
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c
index e4cf63301ff4..c6c4248ab138 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c
@@ -618,6 +618,17 @@ static void init_amd_gh(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
 		set_cpu_bug(c, X86_BUG_AMD_TLB_MMATCH);
 }
 
+#define MSR_AMD64_DE_CFG	0xC0011029
+
+static void init_amd_ln(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Apply erratum 665 fix unconditionally so machines without a BIOS
+	 * fix work.
+	 */
+	msr_set_bit(MSR_AMD64_DE_CFG, 31);
+}
+
 static void init_amd_bd(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
 {
 	u64 value;
@@ -675,6 +686,7 @@ static void init_amd(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
 	case 6:	   init_amd_k7(c); break;
 	case 0xf:  init_amd_k8(c); break;
 	case 0x10: init_amd_gh(c); break;
+	case 0x12: init_amd_ln(c); break;
 	case 0x15: init_amd_bd(c); break;
 	}
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/core.c b/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/core.c
index 023c442c33bb..e1d1f6cbaf11 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/core.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/kprobes/core.c
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ int kprobe_fault_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
 		 * In case the user-specified fault handler returned
 		 * zero, try to fix up.
 		 */
-		if (fixup_exception(regs))
+		if (fixup_exception(regs, trapnr))
 			return 1;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c
index 1f316f066c49..68cf2ec816d5 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ asm (".pushsection .entry.text, \"ax\"\n"
      ".popsection");
 
 /* identity function, which can be inlined */
-u32 _paravirt_ident_32(u32 x)
+u32 notrace _paravirt_ident_32(u32 x)
 {
 	return x;
 }
 
-u64 _paravirt_ident_64(u64 x)
+u64 notrace _paravirt_ident_64(u64 x)
 {
 	return x;
 }
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c b/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c
index 324ab5247687..020248f2cec4 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ do_trap_no_signal(struct task_struct *tsk, int trapnr, char *str,
 	}
 
 	if (!user_mode(regs)) {
-		if (!fixup_exception(regs)) {
+		if (!fixup_exception(regs, trapnr)) {
 			tsk->thread.error_code = error_code;
 			tsk->thread.trap_nr = trapnr;
 			die(str, regs, error_code);
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ do_general_protection(struct pt_regs *regs, long error_code)
 
 	tsk = current;
 	if (!user_mode(regs)) {
-		if (fixup_exception(regs))
+		if (fixup_exception(regs, X86_TRAP_GP))
 			goto exit;
 
 		tsk->thread.error_code = error_code;
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ static void math_error(struct pt_regs *regs, int error_code, int trapnr)
 
 	if (!user_mode(regs))
 	{
-		if (!fixup_exception(regs)) {
+		if (!fixup_exception(regs, trapnr)) {
 			task->thread.error_code = error_code;
 			task->thread.trap_nr = trapnr;
 			die(str, regs, error_code);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c b/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
index 28146f03c514..74c3285dfdcf 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ static void kvm_ioapic_reset(struct kvm_ioapic *ioapic)
 	ioapic->irr = 0;
 	ioapic->irr_delivered = 0;
 	ioapic->id = 0;
-	memset(ioapic->irq_eoi, 0x00, IOAPIC_NUM_PINS);
+	memset(ioapic->irq_eoi, 0x00, sizeof(ioapic->irq_eoi));
 	rtc_irq_eoi_tracking_reset(ioapic);
 	update_handled_vectors(ioapic);
 }
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
index 7dd9a8d3911a..b9cf3ee6514f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
@@ -2080,3 +2080,9 @@ void kvm_lapic_init(void)
 	jump_label_rate_limit(&apic_hw_disabled, HZ);
 	jump_label_rate_limit(&apic_sw_disabled, HZ);
 }
+
+void kvm_lapic_exit(void)
+{
+	static_key_deferred_flush(&apic_hw_disabled);
+	static_key_deferred_flush(&apic_sw_disabled);
+}
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
index c4ea87eedf8a..5773f1eaf46e 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ static inline bool kvm_hv_vapic_assist_page_enabled(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 
 int kvm_lapic_enable_pv_eoi(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 data);
 void kvm_lapic_init(void);
+void kvm_lapic_exit(void);
 
 static inline u32 kvm_apic_get_reg(struct kvm_lapic *apic, int reg_off)
 {
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/svm.c b/arch/x86/kvm/svm.c
index 0d039cd268a8..23be7ffebb4b 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/svm.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/svm.c
@@ -3069,42 +3069,42 @@ static u64 svm_read_l1_tsc(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 host_tsc)
 		svm_scale_tsc(vcpu, host_tsc);
 }
 
-static int svm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned ecx, u64 *data)
+static int svm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr_info)
 {
 	struct vcpu_svm *svm = to_svm(vcpu);
 
-	switch (ecx) {
+	switch (msr_info->index) {
 	case MSR_IA32_TSC: {
-		*data = svm->vmcb->control.tsc_offset +
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->control.tsc_offset +
 			svm_scale_tsc(vcpu, native_read_tsc());
 
 		break;
 	}
 	case MSR_STAR:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.star;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.star;
 		break;
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
 	case MSR_LSTAR:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.lstar;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.lstar;
 		break;
 	case MSR_CSTAR:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.cstar;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.cstar;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KERNEL_GS_BASE:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.kernel_gs_base;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.kernel_gs_base;
 		break;
 	case MSR_SYSCALL_MASK:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.sfmask;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.sfmask;
 		break;
 #endif
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_CS:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.sysenter_cs;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.sysenter_cs;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_EIP:
-		*data = svm->sysenter_eip;
+		msr_info->data = svm->sysenter_eip;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_ESP:
-		*data = svm->sysenter_esp;
+		msr_info->data = svm->sysenter_esp;
 		break;
 	/*
 	 * Nobody will change the following 5 values in the VMCB so we can
@@ -3112,31 +3112,31 @@ static int svm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned ecx, u64 *data)
 	 * implemented.
 	 */
 	case MSR_IA32_DEBUGCTLMSR:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.dbgctl;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.dbgctl;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_LASTBRANCHFROMIP:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.br_from;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.br_from;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_LASTBRANCHTOIP:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.br_to;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.br_to;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_LASTINTFROMIP:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.last_excp_from;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.last_excp_from;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_LASTINTTOIP:
-		*data = svm->vmcb->save.last_excp_to;
+		msr_info->data = svm->vmcb->save.last_excp_to;
 		break;
 	case MSR_VM_HSAVE_PA:
-		*data = svm->nested.hsave_msr;
+		msr_info->data = svm->nested.hsave_msr;
 		break;
 	case MSR_VM_CR:
-		*data = svm->nested.vm_cr_msr;
+		msr_info->data = svm->nested.vm_cr_msr;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_UCODE_REV:
-		*data = 0x01000065;
+		msr_info->data = 0x01000065;
 		break;
 	default:
-		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, ecx, data);
+		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, msr_info);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -3144,16 +3144,20 @@ static int svm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned ecx, u64 *data)
 static int rdmsr_interception(struct vcpu_svm *svm)
 {
 	u32 ecx = kvm_register_read(&svm->vcpu, VCPU_REGS_RCX);
-	u64 data;
+	struct msr_data msr_info;
 
-	if (svm_get_msr(&svm->vcpu, ecx, &data)) {
+	msr_info.index = ecx;
+	msr_info.host_initiated = false;
+	if (svm_get_msr(&svm->vcpu, &msr_info)) {
 		trace_kvm_msr_read_ex(ecx);
 		kvm_inject_gp(&svm->vcpu, 0);
 	} else {
-		trace_kvm_msr_read(ecx, data);
+		trace_kvm_msr_read(ecx, msr_info.data);
 
-		kvm_register_write(&svm->vcpu, VCPU_REGS_RAX, data & 0xffffffff);
-		kvm_register_write(&svm->vcpu, VCPU_REGS_RDX, data >> 32);
+		kvm_register_write(&svm->vcpu, VCPU_REGS_RAX,
+				   msr_info.data & 0xffffffff);
+		kvm_register_write(&svm->vcpu, VCPU_REGS_RDX,
+				   msr_info.data >> 32);
 		svm->next_rip = kvm_rip_read(&svm->vcpu) + 2;
 		skip_emulated_instruction(&svm->vcpu);
 	}
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c
index 08f9d9230b94..048830f2927d 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c
@@ -1172,10 +1172,10 @@ static inline bool nested_cpu_has_posted_intr(struct vmcs12 *vmcs12)
 	return vmcs12->pin_based_vm_exec_control & PIN_BASED_POSTED_INTR;
 }
 
-static inline bool is_exception(u32 intr_info)
+static inline bool is_nmi(u32 intr_info)
 {
 	return (intr_info & (INTR_INFO_INTR_TYPE_MASK | INTR_INFO_VALID_MASK))
-		== (INTR_TYPE_HARD_EXCEPTION | INTR_INFO_VALID_MASK);
+		== (INTR_TYPE_NMI_INTR | INTR_INFO_VALID_MASK);
 }
 
 static void nested_vmx_vmexit(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 exit_reason,
@@ -2640,76 +2640,69 @@ static int vmx_get_vmx_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr_index, u64 *pdata)
  * Returns 0 on success, non-0 otherwise.
  * Assumes vcpu_load() was already called.
  */
-static int vmx_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr_index, u64 *pdata)
+static int vmx_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr_info)
 {
-	u64 data;
 	struct shared_msr_entry *msr;
 
-	if (!pdata) {
-		printk(KERN_ERR "BUG: get_msr called with NULL pdata\n");
-		return -EINVAL;
-	}
-
-	switch (msr_index) {
+	switch (msr_info->index) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
 	case MSR_FS_BASE:
-		data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_FS_BASE);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_FS_BASE);
 		break;
 	case MSR_GS_BASE:
-		data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_GS_BASE);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_GS_BASE);
 		break;
 	case MSR_KERNEL_GS_BASE:
 		vmx_load_host_state(to_vmx(vcpu));
-		data = to_vmx(vcpu)->msr_guest_kernel_gs_base;
+		msr_info->data = to_vmx(vcpu)->msr_guest_kernel_gs_base;
 		break;
 #endif
 	case MSR_EFER:
-		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, msr_index, pdata);
+		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, msr_info);
 	case MSR_IA32_TSC:
-		data = guest_read_tsc();
+		msr_info->data = guest_read_tsc();
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_CS:
-		data = vmcs_read32(GUEST_SYSENTER_CS);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_read32(GUEST_SYSENTER_CS);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_EIP:
-		data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_SYSENTER_EIP);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_SYSENTER_EIP);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_ESP:
-		data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_SYSENTER_ESP);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_readl(GUEST_SYSENTER_ESP);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_BNDCFGS:
 		if (!vmx_mpx_supported())
 			return 1;
-		data = vmcs_read64(GUEST_BNDCFGS);
+		msr_info->data = vmcs_read64(GUEST_BNDCFGS);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL:
 		if (!nested_vmx_allowed(vcpu))
 			return 1;
-		data = to_vmx(vcpu)->nested.msr_ia32_feature_control;
+		msr_info->data = to_vmx(vcpu)->nested.msr_ia32_feature_control;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_VMX_BASIC ... MSR_IA32_VMX_VMFUNC:
 		if (!nested_vmx_allowed(vcpu))
 			return 1;
-		return vmx_get_vmx_msr(vcpu, msr_index, pdata);
+		return vmx_get_vmx_msr(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 	case MSR_IA32_XSS:
 		if (!vmx_xsaves_supported())
 			return 1;
-		data = vcpu->arch.ia32_xss;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.ia32_xss;
 		break;
 	case MSR_TSC_AUX:
-		if (!to_vmx(vcpu)->rdtscp_enabled)
+		if (!to_vmx(vcpu)->rdtscp_enabled && !msr_info->host_initiated)
 			return 1;
 		/* Otherwise falls through */
 	default:
-		msr = find_msr_entry(to_vmx(vcpu), msr_index);
+		msr = find_msr_entry(to_vmx(vcpu), msr_info->index);
 		if (msr) {
-			data = msr->data;
+			msr_info->data = msr->data;
 			break;
 		}
-		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, msr_index, pdata);
+		return kvm_get_msr_common(vcpu, msr_info);
 	}
 
-	*pdata = data;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2804,7 +2797,7 @@ static int vmx_set_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr_info)
 			clear_atomic_switch_msr(vmx, MSR_IA32_XSS);
 		break;
 	case MSR_TSC_AUX:
-		if (!vmx->rdtscp_enabled)
+		if (!vmx->rdtscp_enabled && !msr_info->host_initiated)
 			return 1;
 		/* Check reserved bit, higher 32 bits should be zero */
 		if ((data >> 32) != 0)
@@ -5089,7 +5082,7 @@ static int handle_exception(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 	if (is_machine_check(intr_info))
 		return handle_machine_check(vcpu);
 
-	if ((intr_info & INTR_INFO_INTR_TYPE_MASK) == INTR_TYPE_NMI_INTR)
+	if (is_nmi(intr_info))
 		return 1;  /* already handled by vmx_vcpu_run() */
 
 	if (is_no_device(intr_info)) {
@@ -5496,19 +5489,21 @@ static int handle_cpuid(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 static int handle_rdmsr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	u32 ecx = vcpu->arch.regs[VCPU_REGS_RCX];
-	u64 data;
+	struct msr_data msr_info;
 
-	if (vmx_get_msr(vcpu, ecx, &data)) {
+	msr_info.index = ecx;
+	msr_info.host_initiated = false;
+	if (vmx_get_msr(vcpu, &msr_info)) {
 		trace_kvm_msr_read_ex(ecx);
 		kvm_inject_gp(vcpu, 0);
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	trace_kvm_msr_read(ecx, data);
+	trace_kvm_msr_read(ecx, msr_info.data);
 
 	/* FIXME: handling of bits 32:63 of rax, rdx */
-	vcpu->arch.regs[VCPU_REGS_RAX] = data & -1u;
-	vcpu->arch.regs[VCPU_REGS_RDX] = (data >> 32) & -1u;
+	vcpu->arch.regs[VCPU_REGS_RAX] = msr_info.data & -1u;
+	vcpu->arch.regs[VCPU_REGS_RDX] = (msr_info.data >> 32) & -1u;
 	skip_emulated_instruction(vcpu);
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -7519,7 +7514,7 @@ static bool nested_vmx_exit_handled(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 
 	switch (exit_reason) {
 	case EXIT_REASON_EXCEPTION_NMI:
-		if (!is_exception(intr_info))
+		if (is_nmi(intr_info))
 			return false;
 		else if (is_page_fault(intr_info))
 			return enable_ept;
@@ -7967,8 +7962,7 @@ static void vmx_complete_atomic_exit(struct vcpu_vmx *vmx)
 		kvm_machine_check();
 
 	/* We need to handle NMIs before interrupts are enabled */
-	if ((exit_intr_info & INTR_INFO_INTR_TYPE_MASK) == INTR_TYPE_NMI_INTR &&
-	    (exit_intr_info & INTR_INFO_VALID_MASK)) {
+	if (is_nmi(exit_intr_info)) {
 		kvm_before_handle_nmi(&vmx->vcpu);
 		asm("int $2");
 		kvm_after_handle_nmi(&vmx->vcpu);
@@ -9039,6 +9033,7 @@ static int nested_vmx_store_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 gpa, u32 count)
 	struct vmx_msr_entry e;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		struct msr_data msr_info;
 		if (kvm_read_guest(vcpu->kvm,
 				   gpa + i * sizeof(e),
 				   &e, 2 * sizeof(u32))) {
@@ -9053,7 +9048,9 @@ static int nested_vmx_store_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 gpa, u32 count)
 				__func__, i, e.index, e.reserved);
 			return -EINVAL;
 		}
-		if (kvm_get_msr(vcpu, e.index, &e.value)) {
+		msr_info.host_initiated = false;
+		msr_info.index = e.index;
+		if (kvm_get_msr(vcpu, &msr_info)) {
 			pr_warn_ratelimited(
 				"%s cannot read MSR (%u, 0x%x)\n",
 				__func__, i, e.index);
@@ -9062,10 +9059,10 @@ static int nested_vmx_store_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 gpa, u32 count)
 		if (kvm_write_guest(vcpu->kvm,
 				    gpa + i * sizeof(e) +
 					offsetof(struct vmx_msr_entry, value),
-				    &e.value, sizeof(e.value))) {
+				    &msr_info.data, sizeof(msr_info.data))) {
 			pr_warn_ratelimited(
 				"%s cannot write MSR (%u, 0x%x, 0x%llx)\n",
-				__func__, i, e.index, e.value);
+				__func__, i, e.index, msr_info.data);
 			return -EINVAL;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
index bd84d2226ca1..012820f6acb9 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
@@ -1045,6 +1045,21 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_set_msr);
 /*
  * Adapt set_msr() to msr_io()'s calling convention
  */
+static int do_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned index, u64 *data)
+{
+	struct msr_data msr;
+	int r;
+
+	msr.index = index;
+	msr.host_initiated = true;
+	r = kvm_get_msr(vcpu, &msr);
+	if (r)
+		return r;
+
+	*data = msr.data;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int do_set_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, unsigned index, u64 *data)
 {
 	struct msr_data msr;
@@ -2374,9 +2389,9 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_set_msr_common);
  * Returns 0 on success, non-0 otherwise.
  * Assumes vcpu_load() was already called.
  */
-int kvm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr_index, u64 *pdata)
+int kvm_get_msr(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr)
 {
-	return kvm_x86_ops->get_msr(vcpu, msr_index, pdata);
+	return kvm_x86_ops->get_msr(vcpu, msr);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_get_msr);
 
@@ -2513,11 +2528,9 @@ static int get_msr_hyperv(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
+int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct msr_data *msr_info)
 {
-	u64 data;
-
-	switch (msr) {
+	switch (msr_info->index) {
 	case MSR_IA32_PLATFORM_ID:
 	case MSR_IA32_EBL_CR_POWERON:
 	case MSR_IA32_DEBUGCTLMSR:
@@ -2540,26 +2553,26 @@ int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 	case MSR_AMD64_NB_CFG:
 	case MSR_FAM10H_MMIO_CONF_BASE:
 	case MSR_AMD64_BU_CFG2:
-		data = 0;
+		msr_info->data = 0;
 		break;
 	case MSR_P6_PERFCTR0:
 	case MSR_P6_PERFCTR1:
 	case MSR_P6_EVNTSEL0:
 	case MSR_P6_EVNTSEL1:
-		if (kvm_pmu_msr(vcpu, msr))
-			return kvm_pmu_get_msr(vcpu, msr, pdata);
-		data = 0;
+		if (kvm_pmu_msr(vcpu, msr_info->index))
+			return kvm_pmu_get_msr(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
+		msr_info->data = 0;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_UCODE_REV:
-		data = 0x100000000ULL;
+		msr_info->data = 0x100000000ULL;
 		break;
 	case MSR_MTRRcap:
-		data = 0x500 | KVM_NR_VAR_MTRR;
+		msr_info->data = 0x500 | KVM_NR_VAR_MTRR;
 		break;
 	case 0x200 ... 0x2ff:
-		return get_msr_mtrr(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+		return get_msr_mtrr(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 	case 0xcd: /* fsb frequency */
-		data = 3;
+		msr_info->data = 3;
 		break;
 		/*
 		 * MSR_EBC_FREQUENCY_ID
@@ -2573,48 +2586,48 @@ int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 		 * multiplying by zero otherwise.
 		 */
 	case MSR_EBC_FREQUENCY_ID:
-		data = 1 << 24;
+		msr_info->data = 1 << 24;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_APICBASE:
-		data = kvm_get_apic_base(vcpu);
+		msr_info->data = kvm_get_apic_base(vcpu);
 		break;
 	case APIC_BASE_MSR ... APIC_BASE_MSR + 0x3ff:
-		return kvm_x2apic_msr_read(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+		return kvm_x2apic_msr_read(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_TSCDEADLINE:
-		data = kvm_get_lapic_tscdeadline_msr(vcpu);
+		msr_info->data = kvm_get_lapic_tscdeadline_msr(vcpu);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_TSC_ADJUST:
-		data = (u64)vcpu->arch.ia32_tsc_adjust_msr;
+		msr_info->data = (u64)vcpu->arch.ia32_tsc_adjust_msr;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE:
-		data = vcpu->arch.ia32_misc_enable_msr;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.ia32_misc_enable_msr;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_PERF_STATUS:
 		/* TSC increment by tick */
-		data = 1000ULL;
+		msr_info->data = 1000ULL;
 		/* CPU multiplier */
-		data |= (((uint64_t)4ULL) << 40);
+		msr_info->data |= (((uint64_t)4ULL) << 40);
 		break;
 	case MSR_EFER:
-		data = vcpu->arch.efer;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.efer;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KVM_WALL_CLOCK:
 	case MSR_KVM_WALL_CLOCK_NEW:
-		data = vcpu->kvm->arch.wall_clock;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->kvm->arch.wall_clock;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KVM_SYSTEM_TIME:
 	case MSR_KVM_SYSTEM_TIME_NEW:
-		data = vcpu->arch.time;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.time;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KVM_ASYNC_PF_EN:
-		data = vcpu->arch.apf.msr_val;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.apf.msr_val;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KVM_STEAL_TIME:
-		data = vcpu->arch.st.msr_val;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.st.msr_val;
 		break;
 	case MSR_KVM_PV_EOI_EN:
-		data = vcpu->arch.pv_eoi.msr_val;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.pv_eoi.msr_val;
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_P5_MC_ADDR:
 	case MSR_IA32_P5_MC_TYPE:
@@ -2622,7 +2635,7 @@ int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 	case MSR_IA32_MCG_CTL:
 	case MSR_IA32_MCG_STATUS:
 	case MSR_IA32_MC0_CTL ... MSR_IA32_MCx_CTL(KVM_MAX_MCE_BANKS) - 1:
-		return get_msr_mce(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+		return get_msr_mce(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 	case MSR_K7_CLK_CTL:
 		/*
 		 * Provide expected ramp-up count for K7. All other
@@ -2633,17 +2646,17 @@ int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 		 * type 6, model 8 and higher from exploding due to
 		 * the rdmsr failing.
 		 */
-		data = 0x20000000;
+		msr_info->data = 0x20000000;
 		break;
 	case HV_X64_MSR_GUEST_OS_ID ... HV_X64_MSR_SINT15:
-		if (kvm_hv_msr_partition_wide(msr)) {
+		if (kvm_hv_msr_partition_wide(msr_info->index)) {
 			int r;
 			mutex_lock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
-			r = get_msr_hyperv_pw(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+			r = get_msr_hyperv_pw(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 			mutex_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
 			return r;
 		} else
-			return get_msr_hyperv(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+			return get_msr_hyperv(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 		break;
 	case MSR_IA32_BBL_CR_CTL3:
 		/* This legacy MSR exists but isn't fully documented in current
@@ -2656,31 +2669,30 @@ int kvm_get_msr_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 msr, u64 *pdata)
 		 * L2 cache control register 3: 64GB range, 256KB size,
 		 * enabled, latency 0x1, configured
 		 */
-		data = 0xbe702111;
+		msr_info->data = 0xbe702111;
 		break;
 	case MSR_AMD64_OSVW_ID_LENGTH:
 		if (!guest_cpuid_has_osvw(vcpu))
 			return 1;
-		data = vcpu->arch.osvw.length;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.osvw.length;
 		break;
 	case MSR_AMD64_OSVW_STATUS:
 		if (!guest_cpuid_has_osvw(vcpu))
 			return 1;
-		data = vcpu->arch.osvw.status;
+		msr_info->data = vcpu->arch.osvw.status;
 		break;
 	default:
-		if (kvm_pmu_msr(vcpu, msr))
-			return kvm_pmu_get_msr(vcpu, msr, pdata);
+		if (kvm_pmu_msr(vcpu, msr_info->index))
+			return kvm_pmu_get_msr(vcpu, msr_info->index, &msr_info->data);
 		if (!ignore_msrs) {
-			vcpu_unimpl(vcpu, "unhandled rdmsr: 0x%x\n", msr);
+			vcpu_unimpl(vcpu, "unhandled rdmsr: 0x%x\n", msr_info->index);
 			return 1;
 		} else {
-			vcpu_unimpl(vcpu, "ignored rdmsr: 0x%x\n", msr);
-			data = 0;
+			vcpu_unimpl(vcpu, "ignored rdmsr: 0x%x\n", msr_info->index);
+			msr_info->data = 0;
 		}
 		break;
 	}
-	*pdata = data;
 	return 0;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_get_msr_common);
@@ -3453,7 +3465,7 @@ long kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl(struct file *filp,
 		break;
 	}
 	case KVM_GET_MSRS:
-		r = msr_io(vcpu, argp, kvm_get_msr, 1);
+		r = msr_io(vcpu, argp, do_get_msr, 1);
 		break;
 	case KVM_SET_MSRS:
 		r = msr_io(vcpu, argp, do_set_msr, 0);
@@ -4948,7 +4960,17 @@ static void emulator_set_segment(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u16 selector,
 static int emulator_get_msr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
 			    u32 msr_index, u64 *pdata)
 {
-	return kvm_get_msr(emul_to_vcpu(ctxt), msr_index, pdata);
+	struct msr_data msr;
+	int r;
+
+	msr.index = msr_index;
+	msr.host_initiated = false;
+	r = kvm_get_msr(emul_to_vcpu(ctxt), &msr);
+	if (r)
+		return r;
+
+	*pdata = msr.data;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int emulator_set_msr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
@@ -5848,6 +5870,7 @@ out:
 
 void kvm_arch_exit(void)
 {
+	kvm_lapic_exit();
 	perf_unregister_guest_info_callbacks(&kvm_guest_cbs);
 
 	if (!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC))
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/extable.c b/arch/x86/mm/extable.c
index 903ec1e9c326..9dd7e4b7fcde 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/extable.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/extable.c
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 #include <linux/sort.h>
 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
 
+typedef bool (*ex_handler_t)(const struct exception_table_entry *,
+			    struct pt_regs *, int);
+
 static inline unsigned long
 ex_insn_addr(const struct exception_table_entry *x)
 {
@@ -13,11 +16,56 @@ ex_fixup_addr(const struct exception_table_entry *x)
 {
 	return (unsigned long)&x->fixup + x->fixup;
 }
+static inline ex_handler_t
+ex_fixup_handler(const struct exception_table_entry *x)
+{
+	return (ex_handler_t)((unsigned long)&x->handler + x->handler);
+}
 
-int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs)
+bool ex_handler_default(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup,
+		       struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
 {
-	const struct exception_table_entry *fixup;
-	unsigned long new_ip;
+	regs->ip = ex_fixup_addr(fixup);
+	return true;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(ex_handler_default);
+
+bool ex_handler_fault(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup,
+		     struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
+{
+	regs->ip = ex_fixup_addr(fixup);
+	regs->ax = trapnr;
+	return true;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(ex_handler_fault);
+
+bool ex_handler_ext(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup,
+		   struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
+{
+	/* Special hack for uaccess_err */
+	current_thread_info()->uaccess_err = 1;
+	regs->ip = ex_fixup_addr(fixup);
+	return true;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(ex_handler_ext);
+
+bool ex_has_fault_handler(unsigned long ip)
+{
+	const struct exception_table_entry *e;
+	ex_handler_t handler;
+
+	e = search_exception_tables(ip);
+	if (!e)
+		return false;
+	handler = ex_fixup_handler(e);
+
+	return handler == ex_handler_fault;
+}
+
+int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
+{
+	const struct exception_table_entry *e;
+	ex_handler_t handler;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PNPBIOS
 	if (unlikely(SEGMENT_IS_PNP_CODE(regs->cs))) {
@@ -33,42 +81,34 @@ int fixup_exception(struct pt_regs *regs)
 	}
 #endif
 
-	fixup = search_exception_tables(regs->ip);
-	if (fixup) {
-		new_ip = ex_fixup_addr(fixup);
-
-		if (fixup->fixup - fixup->insn >= 0x7ffffff0 - 4) {
-			/* Special hack for uaccess_err */
-			current_thread_info()->uaccess_err = 1;
-			new_ip -= 0x7ffffff0;
-		}
-		regs->ip = new_ip;
-		return 1;
-	}
+	e = search_exception_tables(regs->ip);
+	if (!e)
+		return 0;
 
-	return 0;
+	handler = ex_fixup_handler(e);
+	return handler(e, regs, trapnr);
 }
 
 /* Restricted version used during very early boot */
 int __init early_fixup_exception(unsigned long *ip)
 {
-	const struct exception_table_entry *fixup;
+	const struct exception_table_entry *e;
 	unsigned long new_ip;
+	ex_handler_t handler;
 
-	fixup = search_exception_tables(*ip);
-	if (fixup) {
-		new_ip = ex_fixup_addr(fixup);
+	e = search_exception_tables(*ip);
+	if (!e)
+		return 0;
 
-		if (fixup->fixup - fixup->insn >= 0x7ffffff0 - 4) {
-			/* uaccess handling not supported during early boot */
-			return 0;
-		}
+	new_ip  = ex_fixup_addr(e);
+	handler = ex_fixup_handler(e);
 
-		*ip = new_ip;
-		return 1;
-	}
+	/* special handling not supported during early boot */
+	if (handler != ex_handler_default)
+		return 0;
 
-	return 0;
+	*ip = new_ip;
+	return 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -133,6 +173,8 @@ void sort_extable(struct exception_table_entry *start,
 		i += 4;
 		p->fixup += i;
 		i += 4;
+		p->handler += i;
+		i += 4;
 	}
 
 	sort(start, finish - start, sizeof(struct exception_table_entry),
@@ -145,6 +187,8 @@ void sort_extable(struct exception_table_entry *start,
 		i += 4;
 		p->fixup -= i;
 		i += 4;
+		p->handler -= i;
+		i += 4;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/fault.c b/arch/x86/mm/fault.c
index 62855ac37ab7..27bc31f0da52 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/fault.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/fault.c
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ no_context(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code,
 	int sig;
 
 	/* Are we prepared to handle this kernel fault? */
-	if (fixup_exception(regs)) {
+	if (fixup_exception(regs, X86_TRAP_PF)) {
 		/*
 		 * Any interrupt that takes a fault gets the fixup. This makes
 		 * the below recursive fault logic only apply to a faults from
diff --git a/arch/x86/pci/acpi.c b/arch/x86/pci/acpi.c
index ff9911707160..3b29bd7e0342 100644
--- a/arch/x86/pci/acpi.c
+++ b/arch/x86/pci/acpi.c
@@ -115,6 +115,16 @@ static const struct dmi_system_id pci_crs_quirks[] __initconst = {
 			DMI_MATCH(DMI_BIOS_VERSION, "6JET85WW (1.43 )"),
 		},
 	},
+	/* https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42606 */
+	{
+		.callback = set_nouse_crs,
+		.ident = "Supermicro X8DTH",
+		.matches = {
+			DMI_MATCH(DMI_SYS_VENDOR, "Supermicro"),
+			DMI_MATCH(DMI_PRODUCT_NAME, "X8DTH-i/6/iF/6F"),
+			DMI_MATCH(DMI_BIOS_VERSION, "2.0a"),
+		},
+	},
 
 	/* https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15362 */
 	{
diff --git a/arch/x86/purgatory/Makefile b/arch/x86/purgatory/Makefile
index 2c835e356349..d445c5f1aeb1 100644
--- a/arch/x86/purgatory/Makefile
+++ b/arch/x86/purgatory/Makefile
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ targets += purgatory.ro
 
 KBUILD_CFLAGS := -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss -fno-builtin -ffreestanding -c -MD -Os -mcmodel=large
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -m$(BITS)
+KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-PIE)
 
 $(obj)/purgatory.ro: $(PURGATORY_OBJS) FORCE
 		$(call if_changed,ld)