From 7b76bfc86757ca5e7b0a62f50003752da77c115b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Dick Streefland Date: Tue, 6 Oct 2009 22:35:40 +0200 Subject: kconfig: simplification of scripts/extract-ikconfig I've rewritten the extract-ikconfig script to extract the kernel configuration from a kernel compiled with CONFIG_IKCONFIG. The main motivation for the rewrite was to remove the dependency on the external C program binoffset.c, which is compiled on the initial run. The binoffset executable is invoked with a relative path, which means that the old script can only be run from the top of the kernel tree, and only when you have write permission in the scripts directory. The new script uses tr/grep/tail/zcat only, and can be invoked from anywhere. The binoffset.c program has been removed. This script requires GNU grep 2.5 (released 2002-03-13) or higher, because the -o option was introduced in that version. Signed-off-by: Dick Streefland LKML-Reference: <20091006203540.GA14634@streefland.net> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt Cc: Sam Ravnborg Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt --- Documentation/dontdiff | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'Documentation') diff --git a/Documentation/dontdiff b/Documentation/dontdiff index e1efc400bed6..bc01a5a9d663 100644 --- a/Documentation/dontdiff +++ b/Documentation/dontdiff @@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ autoconf.h* bbootsect bin2c binkernel.spec -binoffset bootsect bounds.h bsetup -- cgit v1.2.3 From 5db53f3e80dee2d9dff5e534f9e9fe1db17c9936 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joern Engel Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:13:39 +0100 Subject: [LogFS] add new flash file system This is a new flash file system. See Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt Signed-off-by: Joern Engel --- Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX | 2 + Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt | 241 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 243 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt (limited to 'Documentation') diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX index f15621ee5599..d362aa543b27 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX @@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ jfs.txt - info and mount options for the JFS filesystem. locks.txt - info on file locking implementations, flock() vs. fcntl(), etc. +logfs.txt + - info on the LogFS flash filesystem. mandatory-locking.txt - info on the Linux implementation of Sys V mandatory file locking. ncpfs.txt diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..e64c94ba401a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/logfs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ + +The LogFS Flash Filesystem +========================== + +Specification +============= + +Superblocks +----------- + +Two superblocks exist at the beginning and end of the filesystem. +Each superblock is 256 Bytes large, with another 3840 Bytes reserved +for future purposes, making a total of 4096 Bytes. + +Superblock locations may differ for MTD and block devices. On MTD the +first non-bad block contains a superblock in the first 4096 Bytes and +the last non-bad block contains a superblock in the last 4096 Bytes. +On block devices, the first 4096 Bytes of the device contain the first +superblock and the last aligned 4096 Byte-block contains the second +superblock. + +For the most part, the superblocks can be considered read-only. They +are written only to correct errors detected within the superblocks, +move the journal and change the filesystem parameters through tunefs. +As a result, the superblock does not contain any fields that require +constant updates, like the amount of free space, etc. + +Segments +-------- + +The space in the device is split up into equal-sized segments. +Segments are the primary write unit of LogFS. Within each segments, +writes happen from front (low addresses) to back (high addresses. If +only a partial segment has been written, the segment number, the +current position within and optionally a write buffer are stored in +the journal. + +Segments are erased as a whole. Therefore Garbage Collection may be +required to completely free a segment before doing so. + +Journal +-------- + +The journal contains all global information about the filesystem that +is subject to frequent change. At mount time, it has to be scanned +for the most recent commit entry, which contains a list of pointers to +all currently valid entries. + +Object Store +------------ + +All space except for the superblocks and journal is part of the object +store. Each segment contains a segment header and a number of +objects, each consisting of the object header and the payload. +Objects are either inodes, directory entries (dentries), file data +blocks or indirect blocks. + +Levels +------ + +Garbage collection (GC) may fail if all data is written +indiscriminately. One requirement of GC is that data is seperated +roughly according to the distance between the tree root and the data. +Effectively that means all file data is on level 0, indirect blocks +are on levels 1, 2, 3 4 or 5 for 1x, 2x, 3x, 4x or 5x indirect blocks, +respectively. Inode file data is on level 6 for the inodes and 7-11 +for indirect blocks. + +Each segment contains objects of a single level only. As a result, +each level requires its own seperate segment to be open for writing. + +Inode File +---------- + +All inodes are stored in a special file, the inode file. Single +exception is the inode file's inode (master inode) which for obvious +reasons is stored in the journal instead. Instead of data blocks, the +leaf nodes of the inode files are inodes. + +Aliases +------- + +Writes in LogFS are done by means of a wandering tree. A naïve +implementation would require that for each write or a block, all +parent blocks are written as well, since the block pointers have +changed. Such an implementation would not be very efficient. + +In LogFS, the block pointer changes are cached in the journal by means +of alias entries. Each alias consists of its logical address - inode +number, block index, level and child number (index into block) - and +the changed data. Any 8-byte word can be changes in this manner. + +Currently aliases are used for block pointers, file size, file used +bytes and the height of an inodes indirect tree. + +Segment Aliases +--------------- + +Related to regular aliases, these are used to handle bad blocks. +Initially, bad blocks are handled by moving the affected segment +content to a spare segment and noting this move in the journal with a +segment alias, a simple (to, from) tupel. GC will later empty this +segment and the alias can be removed again. This is used on MTD only. + +Vim +--- + +By cleverly predicting the life time of data, it is possible to +seperate long-living data from short-living data and thereby reduce +the GC overhead later. Each type of distinc life expectency (vim) can +have a seperate segment open for writing. Each (level, vim) tupel can +be open just once. If an open segment with unknown vim is encountered +at mount time, it is closed and ignored henceforth. + +Indirect Tree +------------- + +Inodes in LogFS are similar to FFS-style filesystems with direct and +indirect block pointers. One difference is that LogFS uses a single +indirect pointer that can be either a 1x, 2x, etc. indirect pointer. +A height field in the inode defines the height of the indirect tree +and thereby the indirection of the pointer. + +Another difference is the addressing of indirect blocks. In LogFS, +the first 16 pointers in the first indirect block are left empty, +corresponding to the 16 direct pointers in the inode. In ext2 (maybe +others as well) the first pointer in the first indirect block +corresponds to logical block 12, skipping the 12 direct pointers. +So where ext2 is using arithmetic to better utilize space, LogFS keeps +arithmetic simple and uses compression to save space. + +Compression +----------- + +Both file data and metadata can be compressed. Compression for file +data can be enabled with chattr +c and disabled with chattr -c. Doing +so has no effect on existing data, but new data will be stored +accordingly. New inodes will inherit the compression flag of the +parent directory. + +Metadata is always compressed. However, the space accounting ignores +this and charges for the uncompressed size. Failing to do so could +result in GC failures when, after moving some data, indirect blocks +compress worse than previously. Even on a 100% full medium, GC may +not consume any extra space, so the compression gains are lost space +to the user. + +However, they are not lost space to the filesystem internals. By +cheating the user for those bytes, the filesystem gained some slack +space and GC will run less often and faster. + +Garbage Collection and Wear Leveling +------------------------------------ + +Garbage collection is invoked whenever the number of free segments +falls below a threshold. The best (known) candidate is picked based +on the least amount of valid data contained in the segment. All +remaining valid data is copied elsewhere, thereby invalidating it. + +The GC code also checks for aliases and writes then back if their +number gets too large. + +Wear leveling is done by occasionally picking a suboptimal segment for +garbage collection. If a stale segments erase count is significantly +lower than the active segments' erase counts, it will be picked. Wear +leveling is rate limited, so it will never monopolize the device for +more than one segment worth at a time. + +Values for "occasionally", "significantly lower" are compile time +constants. + +Hashed directories +------------------ + +To satisfy efficient lookup(), directory entries are hashed and +located based on the hash. In order to both support large directories +and not be overly inefficient for small directories, several hash +tables of increasing size are used. For each table, the hash value +modulo the table size gives the table index. + +Tables sizes are chosen to limit the number of indirect blocks with a +fully populated table to 0, 1, 2 or 3 respectively. So the first +table contains 16 entries, the second 512-16, etc. + +The last table is special in several ways. First its size depends on +the effective 32bit limit on telldir/seekdir cookies. Since logfs +uses the upper half of the address space for indirect blocks, the size +is limited to 2^31. Secondly the table contains hash buckets with 16 +entries each. + +Using single-entry buckets would result in birthday "attacks". At +just 2^16 used entries, hash collisions would be likely (P >= 0.5). +My math skills are insufficient to do the combinatorics for the 17x +collisions necessary to overflow a bucket, but testing showed that in +10,000 runs the lowest directory fill before a bucket overflow was +188,057,130 entries with an average of 315,149,915 entries. So for +directory sizes of up to a million, bucket overflows should be +virtually impossible under normal circumstances. + +With carefully chosen filenames, it is obviously possible to cause an +overflow with just 21 entries (4 higher tables + 16 entries + 1). So +there may be a security concern if a malicious user has write access +to a directory. + +Open For Discussion +=================== + +Device Address Space +-------------------- + +A device address space is used for caching. Both block devices and +MTD provide functions to either read a single page or write a segment. +Partial segments may be written for data integrity, but where possible +complete segments are written for performance on simple block device +flash media. + +Meta Inodes +----------- + +Inodes are stored in the inode file, which is just a regular file for +most purposes. At umount time, however, the inode file needs to +remain open until all dirty inodes are written. So +generic_shutdown_super() may not close this inode, but shouldn't +complain about remaining inodes due to the inode file either. Same +goes for mapping inode of the device address space. + +Currently logfs uses a hack that essentially copies part of fs/inode.c +code over. A general solution would be preferred. + +Indirect block mapping +---------------------- + +With compression, the block device (or mapping inode) cannot be used +to cache indirect blocks. Some other place is required. Currently +logfs uses the top half of each inode's address space. The low 8TB +(on 32bit) are filled with file data, the high 8TB are used for +indirect blocks. + +One problem is that 16TB files created on 64bit systems actually have +data in the top 8TB. But files >16TB would cause problems anyway, so +only the limit has changed. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1c8a375185935f8106a45221bd187b7b272f97c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo Date: Sun, 13 Dec 2009 20:41:53 -0800 Subject: ide: doc: remove compilation options section from ide-cd documentation This section pointed out to compilation options which no longer exist. VERBOSE_IDE_CD_ERRORS has been replace by config option CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECD_VERBOSE_ERRORS. STANDARD_ATAPI is no longer needed, since the non-standard drivers, which required bcd2bin are now detected, and there's a flag for them. NO_DOOR_LOCKING is now a sysctl parameter for cdrom drivers. CDROM_NBLOCKS_BUFFER is not used anymore. The READAUDIO is now in cdrom.c and it allocates as much as user space has requested to read, backing off if it fails. TEST is not there anymore or in cdrom either. ide allows to send ATA commands through ioctl, although it may be helpful to send MMC packets through the cdrom layer directly. Signed-off-by: Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo Signed-off-by: David S. Miller --- Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd | 39 ++------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation') diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd b/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd index 2c558cd6c1ef..f4dc9de2694e 100644 --- a/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd +++ b/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd @@ -159,42 +159,7 @@ two arguments: the CDROM device, and the slot number to which you wish to change. If the slot number is -1, the drive is unloaded. -4. Compilation options ----------------------- - -There are a few additional options which can be set when compiling the -driver. Most people should not need to mess with any of these; they -are listed here simply for completeness. A compilation option can be -enabled by adding a line of the form `#define